Kanchanjangha

36 tones of Valley plastic waste recyclable into oil

2012-01-04T07:47:00.000-08:00

There is a debate raging over the government's reported plan to install a diesel plant, considering billions of rupees needed to import fuel to run the facility.
Advocates of hydropower say, at a time when the country's potential of generating tens of thousands megawatt of clean energy remains untapped, setting up plants of the said up to 200 MW capacity would make the country further dependent on fossil fuel, which the nation produces none. A hefty chunk of Nepal's foreign reserves is already spent on petroleum import. But the government has stuck to the plan saying that developing a hydroelectricity project big enough to address the huge supply of deficit will take years and that thermal plant, which is said to take a maximum of six months to build, is the only ready solution.
In such a fix, Blester, a Japanese invention, could help solve simultaneously two problems the country is facing- minimizing the fuel crisis and recycling plastic materials, systematic disposal of which has been a huge problem.
Eco-party, a group of Japanese experts along with some Nepalis, has been working as a part of its project, School Oil Field Caravan, to create awareness on plastic waste that could produce valuable oil-diesel, petroleum and kerosene, among others, since May 2010 in several parts of the country.
According to Uwai Masanori, director of Eco-party, a machine dubbed Blester recycles plastic waste to valuable oil. Three types of plastics- polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene could be recycled to produce oil which can be used as an alternate fuel for power generators, boilers and vehicles.
"Hydrocarbon oil-made up of carbon and hydrogen- is the raw material used to manufacture plastics. The Blest machine converts plastics to the original oil form," he said.
A waste plastic oil reproduction machine can deliver 700 to 800 ml oil from a kilogram of plastic waste by heating it for around three hours. The machine consists of a reactor tank that stores plastic and heats it up to 420- 450 degree Celsius before a fermentation process. An oil container or glass tank is installed in the machine to collect the oil, along with a CPU monitor that controls the overall system. The machine for recycling plastic waste produced in a municipality costs around Rs. 10 million.
According to the statistics with Japan Plastics Industry Federation, 70 percent of plastic products in the world can be used to produce oil.
"We have demonstrated how the machine functions to former Prime Minister Jhala Nath Khanal. He had expressed commitment to promote this technology in the country," said Amita Rajbhandari, a member of the Eco-party. Since the inception, the caravan that started from Kolkata in India has toured around 1,553 km through Lumbini up to Pokhara. "As the name suggests, we are demonstrating the machine at schools, trying to send the message across that used up plastic is a resource, not waste," Rajbhandari said. "The aim of promoting this machine is to help the country address the power crisis by means of alternative fuel.
According to Rabin Man Shrestha, chief of the Environment Management Division at the Kathmandu Metropolitan City, of the total 360 tones of waste collected in the Valley each day around 10 percent i.e. 36 tones is plastics.

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL IN NEPAL

2011-07-17T04:16:00.000-07:00

Nepal has very pleasant climate. Nepal has four distinct seasons. Spring, from March to May is warm and dusty with rain showers. Summer, from June to August, is the monsoon season when the hills turn lush and green. Autumn, from September to November, is cool with clear skies, and is the most popular trekking season. In winter from December to February, it is cold at night and can be foggy in the early morning but afternoons are usually clear and pleasant, though there is occasional snow in the mountains.

Weather climate condition in Nepal vary from region to region. Summer and late spring temperatures range from more than 40 Degrees Celsius in the Tera i to about 28 Degrees Celsius in the hilly region of the country. In winter, average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from a mild 23 Degrees Celsius to a brisk 7 Degrees Celsius while the central valleys experience a chilly 12 Degrees Celsius maximum temperature and a minimum temperature often falling below freezing point.

Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations. The Kathmandu Valley situated at an altitude of 1310m, has a seasonable but equable climate with average summer and winter temperatures of 27 Degrees Celsius to 19 Degrees Celsius and 20 Degrees Celsius to 2 Degrees Celsius respectively. The annual rainfall in Kathmandu generally exceeds 1300mm. The mean annual precipitation ranges from more than 6000mm along the southern slopes of the Annapurna range in central Nepal to less than the 250mm in the north central portion near the Tibetan plateau. Amounts varying between 1500 and 2500mm predominate over most of the country. On an average, about 80% of the precipitation is confined to the monsoon period (June-September).

Nepal's Biodiversity at a Glance

2011-07-15T06:59:00.000-07:00

The tallest mountain range in the world, the Himalaya is also a youngest and is still growing. This range deprives the great Tibetan plateau from monsoon and forms the rain shadow. And on the other hand it also blocks the cold northern winds reaching the Indian plains during winter. Because of these phenomena the southern parts of the Himalaya is lush green, productive and prone to erosion due to full brunt of monsoon, whereas the northern Tibetan plateau remained arid region. This uniqueness in the climate found due to altitudinal variation allows Nepal to experience from Tropical to Alpine bio-climate, despite our geographical position. Hence Nepal boasts from the large terrestrial rhinos and elephants of the tropics to the snow leopard and Tibetan Argali of alpine region.

Nepal has been ranked top ten highest flowering plant diversity out of 25 Asian countries. On a world scale Nepal lies 27th in the richness scale on floral diversity. With just over 0.1% of the earths land surface occurring in Nepal, it supports globally known 4.2% butterflies (635 spp), 2.2 % of fresh water fish species (185 spp), 1.1 % amphibians (43 spp.), 1.5% reptile (100 spp.), 8.5% of birds (860 spp.) and 4.2% mammals (181 spp).

Distribution of butterflies, Freshwater fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals Group Name #1 Terai and Siwaliks Midhills Highlands
Spp. % Spp. % Spp. %
Butterflies 635 325 51.2 557 87.7 82 12.9
Freshwater fishes 185 154 83.2 76 41.1 6 3.2
Amphibians 43 22 51.2 29 67.4 9 20.9
Reptiles 100 68 68 56 56 13 13
Freshwater fishes 844 648 *77.8 691 *83 413 *49.7
Mammals 181 91 *51.1 110 *61.5 80 *45.0
Total* 1988 1308 *66.3 1519 *77.0 603 *30.5

Earthquake: Ist Danger Zone

2011-07-14T03:12:00.000-07:00

As I watch the horrific aftermath of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami, and the scale of the rescue effort needed, I cant believe the turmoil that has struck Japan. It is so alarming and distressing to see a developed country that is prepared for the danger of an earthquake be so totally overwhelmed. I am also becoming more and more alarmed of the scale of the disaster if an earthquake were to strike Kathmandu. I met a seismologist who was working here last year and he told me some extremely frightening statistics, my girlfriend has actually also been working on an article about it for the last few weeks. The verdict is that when an earthquake strikes here it may well be more lethal than Haiti.

Geo Hazards International rate Kathmandu as the number one danger spot world-wide. There are several reasons for this... all of them very very alarming.

It is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Mazes of medium-high rise masonry building, virtually none of which are EQ proofed, tiny streets, no green spaces, and no-where to run. The country has been at war up until a few years ago and any regulation that was in place has since been ignored. There was a huge influx of migration into the city during the war and many poorly built buildings went up. The entire valley floor is densely packed with poorly built 3-4 story buildings.
The entire city is built on a sandy former-lake bed which acts like an amplifier for any shaking in the region.
There is only one airport, with one runway. But the route into and out of the airport will likely be blocked. And in fact it is believed to be in the worst area in the city for damage.
There are only 3 roads into and out of Kathmandu. All of them are tiny and cross huge mountains. All 3 are certain to be entirely cut-off due to landslides. Perhaps for many weeks. Considering there are very regularly landslides simply after heavy rainfall i don"t find this very surprising. This means that the city is entirely cut off from the world, when the earthquake does hit there may be no way of getting into or out of the city.
As one of the worlds poorest countries it has very few resources. There are 8 working fire-engines in a city of 2.5 million people. The mobile phone building headquarters are not even proofed. Even right now before the earthquake it has only 10 hrs of electricity per day.
A very large earthquake is overdue. The last one was in 1934. They are expected roughly every 75 years. It would likely be a 8+ scale earthquake. The area to the west of Kathmandu is even more overdue.

It is inspiring to see the outpouring of funds and help going to Japan and Haiti and New Zealand. Japan certainly needs all the help it can get right now, but i cant help thinking that funds may be better spent on prevention in areas where lack of money is the number one issue. The frustrating thing is that most of this destruction can be entirely avoided. Experts had been screaming about the potential disaster waiting to happen before Haiti and there was very little done except after the event. Experts are now screaming about the dangers in Kathmandu, Istanbul, Tehran and elsewhere but we don"t hear about these until after they happen. And when it does happen to Kathmandu no amount of funds can help because of the problem of getting into the city. I cant help thinking that the media is failing us. As soon as it happens they are all over it with TV cameras and helicopters but right now many people in Kathmandu i have spoken to seem to be completely unaware of the dangers. Some are not even aware they are in an earthquake zone.

Climate Change

2011-07-02T01:47:00.000-07:00

Climate change is a long-term shift in the statistic of the weather. For example, it could show up as a change in climate normal (Expected average values for temperature and Precipitation) for a given place and time of year, from one decade to the next. We know that the global climate is currently changing. The last decade of the 20th Century and the beginning of the 21st have been the warmest period in the entire global instrumental temperature record, starting in the mid-19th century.
Why is the Climate Changing?
Natural variability
Climate change is a normal part of the Earth’s natural variability, which is related to interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, and land, as well as changes in the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth. The geologic record includes significant evidence for large-scale climate changes in Earth’s past. An example of this variability is shown in the plot below of temperature data for the last 420,000 years, derived from an Antarctic ice core.
An example of this variability is shown in the plot below of temperature data for the last 420,000 years, derived from an Antarctic ice core.
Human-induced change
Greenhouse Gases
Certain naturally occurring gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O), trap heat in the atmosphere causing a greenhouse effect. Burning of fossil fuels, like oil, coal, and natural gas is adding CO2 to the atmosphere. The current level is the highest in the past 650,000 years. The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes, “That most of the observed increase in the globally averaged
Temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.”
What is being done to Study the Effects of Climate Change?
There are numerous potential effects of climate change. Extensive research is being done around the world – a good deal within NOAA – to determine the extent to which climate change is occurring, how much of it is being caused by anthropogenic (manmade) forces, and its potential impacts. In some of these areas, there is not a consensus among scientists and in fact, there are often conflicting points-of-view and studies. However, with further research, no doubt many questions regarding impacts will be resolved in the future. Potential impacts most studied by researchers include the effects on sea level, drought, local weather, and hurricanes. Most of our current knowledge of global change comes from General Circulation Models (GCMs).
At present, GCMs have the ability to provide us with a mean annual temperature for the planet that is reliable. Regional and local temperature and precipitation information from GCMs is, at present, unreliable. Much of the global change research effort is focused on improving these models.

Eco-Friendly Tips

2011-05-12T06:52:00.000-07:00

1. Bike, use public transit, carpool to work, drive slower, keep your tires inflated

One-third of all traffic is commuters. Use alternative transportation when possible. If you must drive, go slower with proper tire inflation. It saves both fuel and tires, and lowers emissions. It also saves lives.

2. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Compost

Reusing packaging material saves more energy than recycling. By avoiding extra packaging, you save both energy and landfill space. Yard and kitchen waste (leaves/grass/vegetable scraps) are 30% of trash. Reduce this amount by composting. Also be sure to re-use plastic bags, or better yet... refuse plastic bags when you really don't need them.

3. Conserve water

Don't let faucets run. Never water your lawn at midday. Place a brick in old toilets. Take low flow short showers. Run the dishwasher only when it is full. Let grass grow longer. Plant native or drought-tolerant garden plants.

4. Quit smoking

Second-hand smoke is a major indoor air pollutant and health hazard. When you quit, both you and your family will lead longer and healthier lives.

5. Don't use pesticides/herbicides on your lawn

Along with nitrogen fertilizer runoff, these are major water pollutants.

6.Keep your cat indoors

Domestic cats kill over one billion small birds and animals every year (1 outdoor cat averages 40 kills per year). They upset natural predator/prey balances and eliminate ground nesting birds.

7.Eat less meat/eat more local and organic foods

Feedlots are a major source of organic pollution. Tropical forests are cut to raise beef.

8.Lower your thermostat in the winter. Raise it in the summer

Wearing a sweater in the winter and short sleeves in the summer saves energy and reduces pollution.

9. Dispose of old paint, chemicals, and oil properly

Don't put batteries, antifreeze, paint, motor oil, or chemicals in the trash. Use proper toxics disposal sites. Never buy more than you need.

10. Consider the environmental costs of major decisions and purchases

When relocating or changing jobs try to live close to work. Compare efficiency when purchasing new cars or appliances. Buy fewer things. Choose products with lower energy inputs.

11. Volunteer/Lobby for the Environment

Work locally and globally to save natural places, reduce urban sprawl, lower pollution and prevent the destruction of wilderness areas for timber and oil.

12. Plant a tree with a child

Take a walk in the woods, or plant trees which store CO2. Teaching our children to love and care for the planet is the most important thing we can do to insure the future of humankind.

13. Wash dishes by hand in a basin, and then use the dish water for outdoor gardens.

Brundtland Commission 1983

2011-05-11T07:41:00.000-07:00

Brundtland Commission or the World commission on Environment and development set up by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1983, brought in common use the phrases “Sustainable Development”. It defined sustainable development thus sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.
The brundtland report identifies two key concepts in sustainable development they are:
a) The concept of “needs” in particular the essentials needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given.
b) The idea of limitation imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.

The brundtland commission adopted the following general principles, rights and responsibilities for environmental protection and sustainable development.
• Everyone has the fundamental right to an environment adequate for his or her well being.
• It is the responsibilities of the state to conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the beneficial of the present and future generations.
• It is the responsibilities of the state to maintain ecosystem and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere. They shall also preserve biological diversity and observe the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems.
• It is the responsibility of the state to establish adequate environmental protection standards and monitor changes in and publish relevant data on environmental quality and resource use.
• It is the responsibility of the states to inform in a timely manner all people likely to be significantly affected by a planned activity and to grant them equall access due process in administrative and judicial proceeding.
• It is the responsibility of the states to ensure that conservations is treated as integral part of the planning and implementation of the developmental activities and provide assistance to other states, especially to developing countries.

FIRST EARTH SUMMIT, 1992

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as Earth Summit, was held in 1992 in Rio De Janeiro city of Brazil for the protection of the earth and its environment, maintenance of ecological balance and to enrich biodiversity. The conference was attended by the representative of 178 developed and developing countries. The primary objective of the conference were to arrive at commonly acceptable, agreements and their implementation to tackle the problems of global warming, depletion of ozone layer and ozone hole, deforestation, biodiversity, weather and climate change, acid rain, sustainable development etc. The following were the important agenda of the conference.

• An attempt was made at the time of earth summit for an agreement to reduce the emission of green house gases at 1990 level by 2000 AD by the developed countries to tackle the problem of global rise in temperature and its consequential adverse effects in future but no concrete agreement could be arrived at. It was commonly agreed upon to cut the emission of green house gases but neither any concrete formula nor any time limit could be decided for this purpose.
• Forest Conservation: At the time of earth summit all the participants expressed deep concern and anger at the rapacious and reckless cutting of forests. It may be pointed out that according to an estimate about 8,000 years ago 8,000 million hectares of land were covered with forests which decreased to 3,000 million hectares by 1998. Thus the modern society has already consumed two third of world forest cover. It may be remembered that one third tropical rainforests were cleared by 1972 and the loss of remaining rain forest began at the annual rate of 0.5% (i.e 100,000 km2 forest areas per year). The annual rate of loss of rain forest reached the figure of 170,000 km2 by the year 1992. According to United Nations data (1989) forest area is being lost at the annual rate of 2,000,000 hectares in Asia and Pacific regions. Even in Brazil 620,000 km2 of forest area was cleared in the decade 1980-1990.
• Biodiversity: Biodiversity involves different species of plants and animals. It includes diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The richness or poorness of biodiversity of a region depends on the number of their species i.e. larger the number of species, richer the biodiversity and vice-versa. Ecological balance of a region is directly related to greater or richer biodiversity. According to the scientists the known species of the earth are 40,000,000 out of which 10,000 species are becoming extinct every year due to human economic activities9e.g. Extension in agricultural land, increase in agricultural productivity, construction of dams and reservoirs, accelerated soil erosion, industrial development, urbanization etc.). Similarly species of marine organisms are being destroyed due to pollution of sea water (mainly oil sink). Thus, in order to check the loss of biodiversity consequent upon human greedy economic activities a proposal for bio-conservation was presented at the Rio Summit where it was provided that if the developed countries use the biological wealth of the developing countries, then they would have to transfer bio-technologies free of cost to the concerned developing countries.
• Agenda 21: agenda 21 is a comprehensive document which included 1,145 action plans. These agenda include rights and duties related to the environment of the nations for the 21st century and thereafter. The major agenda cover the following items:
i. Aid Funds: Industrialized rich countries agreed to contribute 0.7% of their national income to aid fund. A target of expenditure of 600 billion $ out of the fund per was fixed to implement Agenda 21 between 1993 and 2000 AD. Out of this annual expenditure 475 billion $ were earmarked for developing countries.
ii. Poverty Eradication: It was agreed under Agenda 21 that all possible efforts would be made to increase per capita in the developing countries. It may be mentioned that at the time of Rio summit the number of people having one US $ per capita income per day in the world was 1.2 billion which according to the Human development report of UNO 1997, increased to 1.3 billion. It is evident that this action plan also confined to the proper work and remained in the file.
iii. Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development: This Agenda included the following programmed – review of the agricultural policy to ensure people participation, to diversify employment in agriculture, to provide information about land resource management, land conservation and rehabilitation. A target of 31.8 billion US $ per year was fixed for the implementation of this Agenda but this also proved futile due to lack of requisite fund.
iv. Forest Conservation: Though there was unanimous agreement for the management, conservation and sustainable development of forests but no definite law could be enacted for the purpose. In spite of Rio Summit reckless felling of trees continued. 15% more forests were cleared in 1996 in comparison to 1992 lever.
v. Biodiversity: Only 150 countries out of 178 participating countries in the Earth Summit in 1992, could sign the agreement to enrich the biodiversity. The agreement on biodiversity included three programmes i.e
a) To ensure conservation of biodiversity.
b) Sustainable use of biodiversity,
c) Rational and equitable shear of profit to accure from the use of genetic resources.
According to this agreement the country should have complete control over its biotic resources and full right over the profit accruing from them. If the biotic resources of a country are commercially used by another country, the country possessing the biotic resource can sign an agreement with the user country for sharing the profit occurring there from.

Careers in the Environment

2011-05-11T07:29:00.000-07:00

Environmental Careers
At present in the U.S. and other developing countries economists claim that the green market is one of the fastest growing segments of the economy.
Many employers are actively seeking environmentally educated graduates. They are especially interested in the people with scientific and engineering backgrounds and double major or double minors.
Environmental careers opportunities exists in a large number of fields: environmental engineering (currently the fastest growing job market), sustainable forestry and range management, parks and recreation, air and water quality control, solid waste and hazardous waste management, recycling, urban and rural land-use planning, computer modeling, ecological restoration and soil, water, fishery and wildlife conservation and management.
Environmental careers can also be found in education, environmental planning, environmental management, environmental health, toxicology, geology, ecology, conservation biology, climatology, environmental chemistry, population dynamics and regulation i.e. demography, law, risk analysis, risk management, accountings, environmental journalism, design and architecture, energy conservation and analysis, renewable energy technology, hydrology, consulting public relations, activism and lobbying, economics, diplomacy, developing and marketing, publishing( environmental magazines and books) and teaching and law enforcement(pollution detection and enforcements teams).

Radiation and Environment

2011-04-30T03:50:00.000-07:00

Radiation Ecology- Radiation ecology is the phenomenon of study of effects of radiation on organisms.
Radioactivity- Radioactivity is the phenomenon of spontaneous emission of , and - rays by the naturally occurring elements like Uranium, Polonium, Radium, etc.
These elements constantly undergo spontaneous change with the emission of, and - rays. The term radioactivity was coined by Madam Curie in the year 1896 A.D.
Specific Background:
•  And - rays were discovered by Henri Becquerel.
• -rays were discovered by P.Villiard in 1900.
• X-rays were discovered by W. Roentgen in 1895.
• Thorium was discovered by Schmitt in 1898.
• Henry Becquerel in 1895 took up the study of phosphorescent element Uranium i.e. Potassium-Uranium Sulphate.
International Organization working in the field of Radiation:
▪ International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).
Chernobyl Disaster
On April 26, 1986 a series of explosion in one of the reactors in a nuclear power plant in Ukraine (Northern part of the Soviet Union) blew the massive roof off the reactor building and flew radioactive debris and dust high into the atmosphere. A huge radioactive cloud spread over much of the Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and other parts of Europe and vertically encircled the planet.
The consequences of this disaster according to UN studies caused by poor reactor design and human error:
• By the year 2000, an estimated 8,000 people had died prematurely from radiation-related diseases because of the accident. The Ukrainian Health Ministry says that 125,000 people had died and 3.5 million people have become ill because of the accident.
• Almost 400,000 people had to leave their homes; most were not evacuated until at least 10 days after the accident.
• Some 160,000 Sq. Km. about the size of state of Florida of the former Soviet Union remains highly contaminated with radioactivity.
• Despite the danger between 100,000 & 200,000 people either illegally remained or has returned to live inside this highly radioactive zone.
• More than half a million people were exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity. About 2,000 people have been diagnosed with thyroid cancer and 8,000-10,000 additional thyroid cancer cases are expected between 2000 & 2010.
• The total cost of the accident will reach at least $358 billion many times more than the value of all the nuclear electricity ever generated in the former Soviet Union.
The environmental refugees evacuated from the Chernobyl region had to leave their professions behind and say good-bye to-(I) lush green wheat fields and blossoming apple trees, (II) Land their families had farmed for generations, (III) Cows and goats that would be shot because the grass they ate was radioactive(IV) their radioactivity poisoned cats and dogs. They will not be able to return without exposing themselves to potentially harmful doses of ionizing radiation. In 2002 after 16 years of the accident-the Chernobyl power plant remains one of the most dangerous places on the Earth.
Chernobyl taught us that a major nuclear accident anywhere is a nuclear accident everywhere.

A Black Day in Bhopal

2011-04-13T11:08:00.000-07:00

December 2, 1984 will be a black day for India, because on that date the world’s worst industrial accident occurred at a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India.
Some about 36 metric tons of (40 tons) of highly toxic methyl iso cyan ate (MIC) gas, used to produce carbonate pesticides, erupted from an underground storage tank after water leaked in through faulty valves and corroded pipes and caused an explosive chemical reaction. Once in the atmosphere, some of the toxic MIC was converted to even more deadly hydrogen cyanide gas.
The toxic cloud of gas settled over about 78 Sq. Km. exposing up to 600,000 people. Many of these people were illegal squatters (livings near the plant) because they had no other place to go. Since the safety Sirens at the plant had been turned off, the deadly cloud spread through Bhopal without warning.
Eyes, mouths and lungs burned, some victims tried to flee through the narrow streets but many were trampled. Others drowned in their own bodily fluids from exposure to toxic gas. Many of the old, infant and very young died in their sleep.
According to the Indian officials at least 6,000 people (some say that around 7,000-16,000based on the scales of strounds and cremation wood) were killed. An international team of Medical specialists estimated that in 1996 50,000-60,000 people sustained permanent injuries such as blindness, lungs damage and neurological problems.
The economic damage from the accident was estimated at $4.1 billion. Indian officials claim that Union Carbide probably could prevent the tragedy by spending no more than $1 million to upgrade the plant equipment and improve the safety. According to Indian officials the already substandard plant was in the middle of a cost cutting campaign. Management was reducing training time for machine operators and skimping on safety measures.
On the night of the disaster, six safety measures designed to prevent a leakage of toxic materials were inadequate, shut down or malfunctioning. However, Union Carbide officials contend that the accident was the result of sabotage by a disgruntled Indian employee.
After the accident, Union Carbide reduced the corporation’s liability risks for compensating victims by selling off a portion of its assets and giving much of the profits to its shareholders in the form of special dividends. In 1994, Union Carbide’s sold its holdings in India. In 1989 Union Carbide agreed to pay an out of court settlement of $470 million to compensate the victims without admitting any guilt or negligence concerning the accident. The company also spent $100 million to build a hospital for the victims. By 2000, most victims with injuries had received $600 in compensation and families of victims who died had received about $3,000.
On Dec 21 1999- the 15th anniversary of the disaster survivors and families of people killed by the accident filed a law suit in a New York U.S. district court charging the Union Carbide company and its former chief officer with violating international law and the fundamental human rights of the victims and survivors of the Bhopal plant accident.
The lawsuit alleges-(I) that Union Carbide “demonstrated a reckless and depraved indifference to human life in the design, operation and maintenance of the Union Carbide facility in Bhopal” (II) that the defendants are liable for fraud and civil contempt for lawful total failure to comply with the lawful orders of the courts of both the United States and India.

Chernobyl Disaster

2011-04-13T10:56:00.000-07:00

On April 26, 1986 a series of explosion in one of the reactors in a nuclear power plant in Ukraine (Northern part of the Soviet Union) blew the massive roof off the reactor building and flew radioactive debris and dust high into the atmosphere. A huge radioactive cloud spread over much of the Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and other parts of Europe and vertically encircled the planet.
The consequences of this disaster according to UN studies caused by poor reactor design and human error:
• By the year 2000, an estimated 8,000 people had died prematurely from radiation-related diseases because of the accident. The Ukrainian Health Ministry says that 125,000 people had died and 3.5 million people have become ill because of the accident.
• Almost 400,000 people had to leave their homes; most were not evacuated until at least 10 days after the accident.
• Some 160,000 Sq. Km. about the size of state of Florida of the former Soviet Union remains highly contaminated with radioactivity.
• Despite the danger between 100,000 & 200,000 people either illegally remained or has returned to live inside this highly radioactive zone.
• More than half a million people were exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity. About 2,000 people have been diagnosed with thyroid cancer and 8,000-10,000 additional thyroid cancer cases are expected between 2000 & 2010.
• The total cost of the accident will reach at least $358 billion many times more than the value of all the nuclear electricity ever generated in the former Soviet Union.
The environmental refugees evacuated from the Chernobyl region had to leave their professions behind and say good-bye to-(I) lush green wheat fields and blossoming apple trees, (II) Land their families had farmed for generations, (III) Cows and goats that would be shot because the grass they ate was radioactive(IV) their radioactivity poisoned cats and dogs. They will not be able to return without exposing themselves to potentially harmful doses of ionizing radiation. In 2002 after 16 years of the accident-the Chernobyl power plant remains one of the most dangerous places on the Earth.
Chernobyl taught us that a major nuclear accident anywhere is a nuclear accident everywhere.

Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy

2011-02-17T21:21:00.000-08:00

The choice of the antimicrobial used for the treatment of an infection is influenced by several factor: the age of the patient, the site of infection, immune status of the patient, efficacy of the drug, the profile of adverse effects, the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance and the concomitant presence of other systemic diseases or organ dysfunction.
The cephalosporins include three generations of agents. The second generation extends the antimicrobial spectrum of the first generation to include wide range of gram negative rods and Pseudomonas.
The -lactams act by inhibiting the incorporation of peptidoglycon into the bacterial cell wall. Penicilin G still remains the drug of choice for syphilis, meningococci, clostridia and pneumococcous. Ampicillin has an extended spectrum of activity aganst gram negative rods(Salmonella, Hemophilus influenzae). Penicillinase-resistant penicilins are the drugs of choice for infections due to -lactamase producing staphylococci. Piperacillin and ticarcillin are antipseudomonal penicillins.

Diagnostic methods in infectious diseases

2011-02-09T06:45:00.000-08:00

Microbiologic confirmation of an infectious diseses may be obtained by direct demonstration of the organism, by growing the organism in culture or by serologic method.
Direct demonstration of an infective agent may be:
 By direct microscopy: India ink preparation(cryptococi), dark ground illumination(vibrio spirochestes), KOH preparation(dermatophytes) and wet wount(stool parasites).
 By staining:Gram stain(malaria),Giemsa stain(chlamydia), Ziehl-Nielsen stain(acid-fast bacilli), silver stains(pneumocystis).
 By antigen detection using latex agglutination teste. (meningococcus, pneumcococcus) and enzyme immunoassay.
 Culture method: Proper collection technique(for clinical specimen), suitable transport and culture media and optimal growth conditions may be requuired for fastidious organisms(such as anaerobes), phenotyphic characterization may be done and antibiotic sensitivity determined after culture of the organism.
 Serologic method: This method may be the only method for diagnosing viral, rickettisal, chalamydial and mycoplasma infections. Serology also provides supportive evidnce for certain bacterial infections( also for streptococci, widal for typhoid).

Fever

2011-02-04T07:46:00.000-08:00

Fever of more than three weeks duration remaining undiagnosed after a week of hospitalization is defined as pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO).
PUO may be due to the infections, malignancy, inflammatory diseases, drugs or factitious. Infections are the leading causes of PUO tuberculosis often extrapulmonary, HIV infection, infective endocarditis, prolonged mononucleosis, intraabdominal abscess and fungal infections.
Malignancies associated with PUO are lymphomas, leukemia, renal cell carcinoma and hepatoma. Immunoinflammatory causes of PUO include SLE and adult Still’s diseases.
A proper detailed history and physical examination is critical in estabilishing a dignosis and for planing investigations. The pattern of fever is seldom diagnostic by itself. Drug history, occupational hisory and sexual practices are important areas that need to be investigated.
Routine haematologic and urinary investigations, serum chemistry and chest X-ray are important investigations in all patients. A markedly elevated ESR may indicate an infection or immunoinflammatory diseases, temporal athritis, Still’s diseases. US/CT may be obtained for evaluating hepatobiliary, renal, retroperitoneal and pelvic sources of PUO and for screening for occult primaries. An echocardiogram may be ordered if endocarditis is suspected. Biopsy of the bone marrow or liver may be useful if the non-invasive investigations do not yield a definitive diagnosis.
In the absence of a definite diagnosis, a therapeutic trial of antitubercular therapy may be instituted for six weeks.
Causes of prolonged fever
• Infections
o Polygenic infection: pyogenic abscess, cholangitis, pelvic abscess, diverticular abscess, thermbophlebitis.
o Vascular infection: Infective endocartitis, infected vascular access devices.
o Chronic granulomatious infection: Tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial infections, fungal infection.
o Other prolonged bacterial and rickettisial illnesses: Brucellosis, chronic meningococcemia.
• Immunoinflammatory diseases: Systemic lumps erythematosus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis(stills diseases), vasculitis including giant cell arthritis.
• Neoplasms: Primary (renal, pancreas, hepatic, lung, colon), secondary(hepatic secondaries), lymphoid neoplasms(lymphomas).
• Granulomatous conditions: Sarcoidosis.
• Metabolic and familial conditions: Familial Mediterranean fever, Fabry’s diseases.
• Drug induced fever
• Factitious fever
• Undiagnosed fever.

Infection and immunity:

2011-01-28T07:51:00.000-08:00

Infection and immunity: The result of any infection depends partly on the virulence and numbers of the invading organisms and partly on the state of the patients defences against them. The state of defences depends upon the two factors: the degree of natural immunity inherited from the parents, which may be reduced by such general influences as malnutrition, worry and overwork and whether there is any acquired immunity resulting from the previous infection with this particular organism. Most infectious diseases confer life long specific immunity. So that second attacks are very unusual. Furthermore, suitable injections of killed or weakened organisms or their toxins may stimulate this specific immunity without actively causing any clinical illness: this fact is the basis of the immunization procedures which are so important in the prevention of diseases such as diptheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and typhoid. Passive immunization means conferring temporary protection against a diseases by injecting serum which has been taken from someone with an active immunity and which therefore contains a high concentrated of specific antibodies.
Carriers:Some people who are themselves immune from a particular infectious diseases may nevertheless harbour the specific organisms and transmit them from time to time to susceptible persons, either by direct contact or by infecting food or water. This carrier state is particularly important in the spread of typhoid fever.
Routes of infection: The invading organism usually gains access to the patient either in inspired air “droplet infection” or in contaminated food or drink.
Incubation period: After gaining access to the tissues of a susceptible individual, the invading consolidate their position before the symptoms of the diseases appear. This interval is known as the different infectious diseases, but remains in the constant in each of them. The approximate length fever is as follows below:
Less than 7 days Diptheria, Scarlet fever, Measles
10 to 14 days Whooping cough, Small pox, Enteric fever
14 to 21 days Chicken pox, German measles, Mumps.
It is important to know the incubation period of the various specific fevers, since it is occasionally helpful in diagnosis if the date of exposure to infection is known and also because it enables one to forecast the possible appearance of the diseases in people who have been in contact with the small pox it may be advisable to isolate such contacts until it is known whether or not they have contracted the diseases: the duration of this quarantine is worked out by adding a few days to the known incubation period.

Infectious diseases

2011-01-26T18:59:00.000-08:00

Definition-Although the term “infectious diseases” might be logically be applied to any illness which results from invasion of the body by a microorganism, its use is customarily restricted to those diseases which spread by direct contact from person to person.At this time we should not be concerned with diseases like pneumonia or bacterial endocarditis which though due to infection can safely be nursed in general wards without special barrier precautions.
The occurance of illness in human is the result of the complex interactions between the responsible agent(exposure) the host and the environment( the epidemiological triad).
The virulence of an organism depends on its infectivity(ability to colonise) and its pathogenicity(ability to damage).
Diseases which are associated with a long incubation period are more difficult to control. The first lines of host defence against microorganisms are the physical and chemical barriers: these include the skin, mucosa, normal secretions, internal sphinchters and the resident endogenous flora.
Initially, microorganisms elicit a non-specific inflammatory host response: the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells and the elaboration of cytokines are important components of this response. The macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system(splenic and alveolar macrophages, hepatic Kupffer cells, renal masangial cells and CNS microglia) play an important role in this response.
An organism specific immune response is also mounted by the host: activation of T and B lymphocytes culminates in immunoglobulin production and complement activation. Cell mediated immunity plays a ritical role in cambating intracellular bacteria.
Bacteremia refers to the presence of viable bacteria in blood. Infection refers to the presence of a microorganism in the body with a local inflammatory response. Sepsis refers to the presence of microorganism in the body with a systemic inflammatory response. Severe sepsis refers to sepsis associated with organ dysfunction, perfusion abnormalities or hypotension. Hypertension which is the main problem at present.

Conservation

2011-01-25T06:28:00.000-08:00

Conservation is the management of the benefits of all life including human kind of the biosphere so that it may yield sustainable benefit to the present generation while maintaining its potential to meet needs and aspirations of the future generations.
Conservation of biological resources or natural resources has the following objectives:
 To maintain the essential ecological process and life supporting system.
 To preserve biological diversity.
 To ensure that any utilization of species and ecosystems is sustainable.
Further we can say, fundamentally here are two reasons for conservations if can either benefit for human beings or for the benefit for the species.
Conservation involves the following four major proceses:
• Preservation of the endangered habitats or species.
• Management of ecosystem.
• Rreclamation of damaged habitats.
• Creation of new habitats.
Mainly there are two types of conservation.
• Ex-situ conservation
• In-situ conservation.
In situ conservation
In situ is the conservation of natural resources in their natural habitats or area of origin. The wildlife is conserved in protected areas systems such as national parks, wildlife reserve, conservation areas. In situ conaervation is the best method for the conservation in long run as the animals adapted to the natural condition since generations.

Ex situ conservation
Ex situ conservation is the conservation of natural resources outside their natural habitats or area of origin. An artificial but similarenvironment or habitats is maintained in place different than the original.Wildlife of threatened categories are kept in captivity which are artificially breeded. This method ensures that the species does not extinct. After the successful breeding in captivity, the offsprings can be reintroduced in natural environment. Examples botanical garden, zoo, zoological garden, aquarium, gene bank, etc.
Conservation of natural resources is the challenging task of the world. Conservation cannot be achieved in isolation. For the conservation of natural resources, these must be global alliance. The conservation education and ethnics should be imparted to all levels of society. The future of humanity depends upon the conservation of natural resources.
In practice following principles are to be adopted for the conservation of natural resources:
 Reduce: Resources are limited and therefore we must not waste resources. Natural resources should be use only to meet basic needs. Reduction in consumption of resources will result in the reduction of wastage of resources and less production of waste materials. For e.g. creating awarness can reduce the use of petroleum products.
 Reuse: Reuse involves using the same product again and again in its original form. For e.g. glass, beverage bottles, etc. can be collected, washed and refilled. Reuse reduces energy use and pollution.
 Recycling: Items containing iron and aluminium account for 94% of all metals used. Damaged metals are collected, melted and converted into new products. Papers and glasses are also recycled. This process also saves energy and causes less pollution. Reuse or recycling process is called resources recovery.

Variety in the volcano

2011-01-23T04:29:00.000-08:00

Variety in the volcano
Based on the history of the activity done by Volcano
 Active-These volcanoes are currently errupting or exhibiting unrest through earthquakes and other gas emissions.
 Dormant-These volcanoes are inactive, but have not been so long enough to be declared extinct.
 Extinct-These volcanoes have been inactive in all of therecorded history.

Based on the shape Volcanoes are

 Volcanic cone-These are among the simplest volcanic formations. These are built up of ejected materials around a volcanic cones are differentiated into cinder cones, spatter cones, ash cones and tuff cones. Cinder cones(Scoria cones) are built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders. Hot fluid lava clots are called spatter. When spewed spatter falls back to the earth the clots weld together and solidify, forming steep-sided spatter cones. Fallen ash forms ash cone, which becomes a”tuff cone” or “tuff ring” once the loose ash particles weld together.
 Shield Volcano- Shield volcanoes are formed by easily flowing lava that has low viscosity. Their heights are typically about 1/20th of their widths. The lower slopes are gentle but the middle slopes become steeper and then flatten at the summit. Many of the largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. The Mauna Loa(Hawaii) is the world’s largest shield volcano.
 Strato volcano- This is a tall, conical volcano with gentle lower slopes that rises steeply near the summit. The summit usually has a small crater. Many of the most dangerous and explosive volcanoes are stratovolcanoes. For example; Mt. Fuji (Japan), Mt. Mayon(Phillipines) and Mt. Agua(Guatemala).
Volcanic Erruptions
An erruptions begins when pressure on a magma chamber forces magma up and out the volcano’s vents. Of course, sideways- directed volcanic explosions(lateral blasts) can shoot ejected material at very high speeds for quite a distance. When magma reaches the Earht’s surface, it is called Lava. Lava may flows as gentle streams called lava flows or it may erupt violently into the air along with the lava are called pyroclastic rocks. This type of eruptions depends somewhat on the amount of gases and silica in the magma. The amount of Silica determines the viscosity of the magma. Steam is what powers the explosion.

Chrysler motors in the market

2011-01-21T18:21:00.000-08:00

Chrysler group is working on a new hybrid minivan that doesn’t use batteries or electric motors to drive it, the automaker announced with the Environmental protection Agency.
By the end of next year a Town and Country van built around a hybrid system that relies on pumping-up hydraulic fluid, rather than expensive batteries, will be up and running, Chrysler said. The so-called hydraulic hybrid system was developed at the EPA,s Ann Arbour laboratory and the agency has been testing for years in commercial trucks.
Chrysler wants to use it for light-duty trucks, minivans and large passengers cars. Instead of storing electricity in a battery pack, the hydraulic hybrid system stores energy normally lost during braking to drive pumps that squeeze hydraulic fluid into a large on board tank that also contains a nitrogen-filled bladder. The nitrogen bladder acts like a spring, pushing back against the fluid. When a river is approcahing a stop sign, some of the breaking energy pumps fluid into the tank. As with most hybrid vehicles, the gasoline engine shuts off completely when the vehicle stops. When it’s time to go again, the pressure in the tank is released to push hydraulic motors that turn the wheels. When it’s needed, the gas engine takes over again.The system increases fuel efficiency by about 30% to 35% in overall driving and up to 60% in city driving, according to the EPA.
Among the benefits of the system, according to EPA , is its low cost and simplicity. Once produced in high volumes, the system will pay for itself through fuel savings in less than three years, the EPA predicts. Battery electric hybrid cars typically take much longer.”The EPA and Chrysler are working together to explore the possibilities for making this technology affordable and accessible to drivers everywhere,” EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson.
Hybrid cars currently make up less than two percent of all new car sales, with Toyota’s Prius model making up the largest number far with Toyota introducing a new version later this year. Chrysler is working to improve the fuel economy of its vehicle line-up and has been working to rapidly revamp its offerings, but does not currently have any hybrids on the market.

Natural Hazards

2011-01-18T18:19:00.000-08:00

Natural Hazards
Natural hazards are defined as , “those elements of the phyical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.” The prefix “natural” shows that these exclude phenomenon that are a result of human action. An event that cause large numbers of fatalities and tremendous loss of property is a ‘natural disaster.’
Violent volcano
One of the most explosively violent elements on Earth is that of an errupting volcano as it spews forth molten lava. There are few sights more awe-inspiring than the sight of red hot lava glinting through the cracks on the softy black crust as the river of molten matter winds its way through the landscape. The most common conception about a volcano is that it is a mountain with a hole/crater at the top through which a lava escapes. Not everybody realizes that unlike most mountains, which are pushed up from below, volcanoes are built up by an accumulation of the same materials that they eject.
Volcano Architecture
A volcano constitutes a vent, a pipe, a crater and a cone.
Vent-This is the opening through which volcanic materials is ejected. A central vent underlies the summit crater of the volcano. It is connected to a magma chamber, which is the main storage area for material that is finally ejected.
Pipe- This is a passageway through which the ejected magma rises to the surface.
Crater-This is the ionic bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano.
Cone- Solidified lava, ashes and cinder form the cone and it rises higher with each erruption. The sides of the volcano often contain fractures that connect to the central vent or to shallow magma chambers. Magma is ejected through the sides of the volcano via these fractures. Such erruptions lead to cone shaped accumulations called parasitic cones. Fractures are also conduits for escaping gases, which are released through openings called fumaroles.
•

Is medicine from tobacco possible?

2011-01-17T19:26:00.000-08:00

Tobacco isn’t famous for its health benefits. But now scientists have succeded in using genetically modified tobacco plants to produce medicines for its several auto immmune and inflammatory diseases, including diabetes. The research is published in the open access journal BMC Biotechnology.
A large team of scientists from several European research organizations have participated in the study as a part of the Pharma planta project. Led by professor Mario Pezzotti at the University of Verona, Scientists have created transgenic tobacco plants that would produce biologically active interlukin-10, a potent anti inflammatory cytokine. They tried two different veersions of interlukin-10(one from a mouse and the other from virus, and the generated plants in which this protein was targeted to three different compartments within the cell to see which would work most effectively.
The researchers found that tobacco plants were able to process both forms of interlukin-10 correctly, producing the active cytokine at high enough levels. The next step will be to feed these plants to mice with autoimmune diseases to find out how effective they are.
The scientists are keen to use the plants to see whether repeated small dose could help prevent type-1 Diabetes mellitus, in combinaation with other auto-antigens associated with the disease.
According to Pezzotti, Transgenic plants are attractive systems for the production of Therapeutic proteins because they offer the possibility of large scale production of foreign proteins at low cost, and they have low maintenance requirements. The fact that they can be eaten, which delivers the drug where it is needed, thus avoiding lengthy purification procedures, is another advantage compared with traditional drug synthesis.

Grand opening of the Tourisn Year 2011

2011-01-13T17:14:00.000-08:00

Today at 11am, Tourism year 2011 is going to be opened with a grand ceremony at the Dasharath Stadium.

Ring Road is Declared No parking zone

2011-01-10T07:59:00.000-08:00

In a bid to mitigate road accident and regulate traffic system inside the Kathmandu valley, the metropolitan traffic police division has declared 26 kilometer long ring road a no parking zone from Sunday.
On Sunday, police took action against the owner of the 86 vehicles parked in the different places of ring road including Tilganga, Chabahil, Balkhu, Sanepa, Kusunti and Sinamangal. The vehicles that were parked in different prohibited areas and hindered vehicular movement were fined under the existing law.
Disrict Superintendent of Police Basanta Panta of Metropolitan Traffic Police Division said stringent actions will be taken if people remain adamant about the illegal parking. If the situation does not improve, we will be forced to resort to stricker measures to implement the rule he further add.
In a bid to ensure effective implementation of the new measures, Metropolitan Traffic Police Division has deployed around 50 personnel from the traffic & civil police to monitor the ring road area round the clock. According to Panta, the no parking mission directed by the metropolitan police commisioners office on its first stage would focus on clearing the parked vehicles from the ring road and the foot paths on either side of it. We will be informing the public about the new rule said Panta. For vehicles entering the valley from other districts, we will disseminate the message at the Thankot and Nagdhunga check points.
On its second stage, the drive will clear the green belt circle round the ring road. According to Panta , 25 meters on either side of the road will be cleared and declared a ‘non- parking area.’ Action wil be taken against the vehicles parked in places except the ones designated for parking said Basanta Panta, the District Superintendent of Police.

Limnology

2011-01-09T05:39:00.000-08:00

Limnology is the word derived from the Greek word ‘Lime’ which means lake and the logos means study. Thus Limnology is the study of fresh water bodies. It studies the physical, chemical & biological properties of fresh water ecosystem. It includes the study of (natural as well as artificial) lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, springs, wetlands, groundwater, etc.
In other words, Limnology is the science of studies of the freshwater and its organisms as well as its physical & chemical properties.
Types of ecosystem:
 Terresterial ecosystem
 Aquatic ecosystem
Terresterial ecosystem are of three types as:
 Grassland ecosystem
 Forest ecosystem
 Desert ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystem are of two types:
 Fresh water ecosystem (0.5 gm of salt per litre)
 Marine ecosystem (30.37 gm of salt per litre)
Fresh water ecosystem are of two types:
 Lotic i.e. running water ecosystem like river, stream, etc.
 Lentic i.e. Stagnant water ecosystem like lake, pond, etc.
Scope of Limnology
As we know water resource are very useful for human beings for their daily life activities. More over the water is used in agriculture, industrial purposes, household purposes, irrigation, recreational activities as well as environmental purposes. The water we require is fresh water and is available only 25% whereas marine water is about 97.5% on the earth. However, fresh water is a renewable source of water yet the world’s supply of fresh water is constantly decreasing because demand exceeds supply in many parts of the world population at an unbelievable rate. Thus, many more countries are expected to experience the lack of fresh water in the near future.
Unfortunately, our rivers , ponds, lakes, streams have been a dumping site of the solid & liquid waste (sewage) which has led great impact to the aquatic organisms, aesthetic & recreational values of the aquatic ecosystem. Thus, the scope of limnology is very essential for human walfare for the environmental conservation of the aquatic organisms habitats and evaluating the water quality for not being to degrade the quality of it. It also describes the type of lakes and ponds according to the chemical & biological parameter analysis. For e.g. high BOD (10 mg/l) & COD (100mg/l) & Phosphorous>0.1 mg/l together with the dominance of BGA (10 genera) suggests lake or ponds as mesotrophic for e.g. Rani Pokhari. Likewise high ammonia (18.7 mg/l ) and Phosphorous(2.6 mg/l) suggests as eutrophic lake e.g. Kamal pokhari and fair oxygen content (DO>6mg/l) , BOD and COD < 12mg/l , low nutrients Nitrogen & Phosphorous <(0.1mg/l) suggests the lake or pond as Oligotrophic lake for e.g. Taudaha.
Types of fresh water
Less than one percentage of salt concentration in water bodies are called fresh water. There are three types of freshwater as:
 Ponds and lakes
 Streams and rivers
 Wetlands
Ponds and lakes
Ponds are smaller in size than lake and are not so deep, lakes are larger in size than a pond and are generally deep. According to the depth & its location lakes are of following types:
 Glacial lake-This is the lake situated at the high altitude formed by the melting of ice.
 Tectonic lake- This is the lake formed due to the upliftment of tectonic plate. Found in mid hills of Nepal. Phewa, Begnas Syapru Tal, etc. are the examples of Tectonic lake.
 Oxbow lake- Lakes found in the Terai region. Bish Hazari Tal, Gosain kunda,Ghoda ghodi Tal etc. are some examples of Oxbow lake. During the downstream flow of river the river forms turn which form a lake named Oxbow.
 Crater lake- Crater formed on the top volcanic mountain peak after volcano get dominant & precipitation get collected in this area forming a lake called Crater lake. For e.g. Mt. Mazma oregon of USA.
 Artificial lake-Lake created by the human beings due to excavation of a site or dammaging stream or river for hydropower processes. For e.g. Rani Pokhari, Strip Pits, Querry Pits, borrow Pits & reservoir deep.
Stream & Rivers
They, change their routes from head water to the mouth deep. Diversity high in middle part of river due to high DO value. The upper part water is cooler and high amount of oxygen. So, trout, salmon, etc. are present. The middle part of river/ stream has a rapid increasing in width along with its species diversity. Mostly aquatic green plants and algae are found.
At the down part of river becomes muddy, oxygen level decreases light penetration is lower than upstream, low fish and less diversity occurs because of lower oxygen level. Species like Catfish, Crab, etc are only found.
Wetlands
Wetlands is the marsh, swampy, fenny & the boggy area with richest diversity among all the ecosystem. Macrophytes like Nelumbo,Chestnut, Potamogetom, Eichhornia, etc were found.
Physico-Chemical & Biological water Quality index
Water Quality Index-It is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water that refers to the stability of the water to sustain living organisms & other uses such as drinking, bathing, irrigation, for industrial purposes, and also to know the health of the aquatic ecosystems. The water quality index measures dissolved oxygen, pH, Conductivity, total nitrogen & total phosphorous content. The WQI is determined by comparing the water samples according to the set of standards such as APHA standards and European Union drinking water standards, etc. It is an indicator of eutrophication, nutrient pollution, acidification & salinization, etc. Factors leading to the deterioration of water quality are due to domestic water waste, solid waste, industrial waste, man made natural disaster, increase in the use of agro chemicals and change in land use pattern. Some of the water quality index are as follows:
 Dissolved Oxygen(DO)- It is a measure of free oxygen dissolved in water. It is essential for the metabolism of all aerobic aquatic organisms. Reduced levels of DO shows harmful to aquatic lifes & even for the plants too and fish. Therefore, DO in water bodies must be 6.0 mg/l.
 Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)- It is the amount of oxygen utilized by micro-organisms in decomposing the organic matter. The complete degradation of organic matter may take as long as 20 to 30 days. In practice BOD test has been developed for five days at 20̊c.
 Chlorine-It occurs naturally in all typpes of water. In natural fresh water its concentration is quite low. Chlorine in water is the discharge of domestic wastes or sewage or from industrial effluents. It serves as an indicator of pollution by sewage. For drinking purposes chloride should be 250 mg/l.
 Turbidity-The turbidity in water bodies is caused by the amount of suspended particles of clay, silt, organic matter, etc. Turbidity affect the penetration of light in the water bodies & affects the photosynthesis process as well as for drinking, bathing & for induatrial purposes. For drinking water purposes, the suspended particles must be zero.
 pH- It is the measure of the amount of acidity or alkalinity of a water body. It can affect aquatic organisms by imparting/harming in the process of respiration, growth & development of fish. European Union of drinking water directive parameters showed that the pH of water must be 6.5-8.5.
 Bacteriological quality of drinking water-Organisms such as Escherchia coli must not be detectable in any 100ml sample in the water intended for drinking of an treated water entering the distribution system. Otherwise, it may lead to water borne diseases.
 Conductivity-It is a measure of the ability of water to carry an electric current which depends on the presence of ions. Increase in conductivity leads to change or reduce in aquatic bio-diversity. European Union of drinking water directive parameters shows that the conductivity of water must be 400 micro siemens per centimeter.
 Total Nitrogen & Total Phosphorous- These are the naturally occuring elements essential for all living organisms. Increase in nitrogen or phosphorous in natural water as a result of human activities in the drainage basin e.g. from the agricultural runoff from manure and chemical fertilizers & from municipal and industrial waste discharge, can overstimulate the plant growth and choke off oxygen supplies. If the concentration of total phosphorous in greater than 0.3 mg/l, it can cause algal blooms in lake and ponds. European Union for drinking water directive parameters shows that the total nitrogen should be nitrates 50mg/l and nitrites 0.1 mg/l in aggregate.
The health and the well being of the human being and the ecosystem depend heavily on the quality of the available water resources. Water is necessary for all the biological life. It also supports global food production by providing the fundamental resource upon with agriculture livestock production, fisheries and aquaculture production. Water is crucial for industrial activity & municipal services.
Water quality is at risk from industrial effluents, fertilizer runoff from agricultural land and poorly treated minicipal waste. Most of the nitrogen & phosphorous released into the environment comes from these three sources. Phosphorous & nitrogen are the important nutrients in fresh water but higher concentration of nitrogen & phosporous leads to the eutrophication ( causing algal blooms in water bodies) as a result it causes decrease in oxygen concentration in the water bodies for the aquatic life.
In particular mayflies, stoneflies, caddisfly larvae, trout, salmon, etc. are sensitive to water quality degradation. When water quality become worse the populations of these invertebrates & vertebrates aquatic animals can be expected to decrease or disappear from the water bodies. So, that special attention should be given to the percentage of Mayflies, Stoneflies & Caddisflies in freshwater invertebrate samples from aquatic ecosystem. This percentage is referred to as ‘EPT’an acronym referring to the taxonomic orders Ephemeroptera(mayflies), Plecoptera(Stoneflies) & Tricoptera(Caddisflies).
There is a vital connection between water quality & health. The rivers are the main places for the disposal of urban solid waste, domestic effluents & industrial effluents which are responsible for polluting the water and causing water borne diseases. Poor sanitation/cleanliness, poor water quality has brought about the most prevalent water borne diseases in Nepal such as Diarrhoea(Bacillus coli), Cholera(Vibrio cholerae), Typhoid(Salmonella typhi), etc. by consuming contaminated water & contaminated food as well.
Recommendations
 Effects for managing waste disposal, maintaining drinking water & sewage pipelines, controling open defecation are urgently required.
 Conduct effective awarness programmes for water quality to be needed and must amend & execute water act, rules & regulations if necessary for maintaining the water quality condition.
 Carryout research on water source protection and management.
 Adopt and enforce industrial effluents standards.
Different Zones of Lakes & ponds
There are three zones of lakes on the basis of depth and the penetration of the light as follows:
 Littoral Zone
 Limnetic Zone
 Profundal Zone

Littoral Zone-It is the shalllow zone at the surface of the lakes or ponds. It is the warmest zone wit hdiverse species, several species of algae, rooted & floating aquatic plants, snouts, insects, fishes & amphibians were found and this region has maximum light penetration.
Limnetic Zone-It is the middle part of the lake & ponds where there is warm with light penetration. At this zone maximum species of phytoplanktons & zooplanktons are found.
Profundal Zone-It is the lower part of the lakes or ponds where there is no light penetration due to which this region is colder & darker. Founa such as a toxic organisms are found such as tubificids which feed on dead aquatic organisms or planktons fallen from limnetic zone.
Variation of Temperature in Lakes & Ponds
Lakes & ponds can be divided into two parts from the temperature point of view. The upper part which is below the surface and get direct sunlight is called Epilimniom which has higher teamperature. And the bottom level which receive no sun rays is called Hypolimnion.In between these two region there is one narrow zone called Thermocline where water temperature changes rapidly. During summer temperature can range from cold to 22̊c from bottom to surface. During winter temperature at the bottom is 4̊c and 0̊c i.e.ice form at the surface.

During Spring the fall season there is a mixing of top & bottom water due to the wind which results uniform temperature from top to the bottom around 4̊c. Oxygen is uniform in some temperature. This mixing results uniform oxygen.
Freshwater Bio-Diversity
Some of the freshwater biodiversity are described as follows:
 Macrophytes-These are aquatic plants growing in or near the shore of water bodies. Macrophytes are beneficial to lakes because they provide cover for fish & substrate for aquatic invertebrates. They also produce oxygen which assists well functioning of the lake as a result diversity in organisms increase which may result & provide food for some fish & other aquatic animals. Thus, lack of macrophytes in water body is expected to reduce in population of Sport & Forage fish and waterfowl. In addition, the absence of macrophytes may also indicate water quality problems as a result of excess turbidity, herbicides or salinization and may indicate water quality is good if the analysis of physical, chemical & the biological parameters of the water samples are analysed and found nothing in the water sample. However, an overabundance of macrophytes can also result due to high nutrients from various sources like agriculture runoff, detergents that washed out in the lakes and that may interface lake functioning preventing recreational activities such as swimming, fishin & bathing. Thus, Macrophytes are the excellent indicators of watershed health because they provide information about nutrients, light condition at the bottom of the water bodies (limnetic & profundal zone), toxic contaminants, turbidity, water level change & salt concentration. Macrophytes found on the water bodies are:-Submerged-Hydrilla, Potamogetom, Utricularia, Emergent-Typha, Scirpus, Nelumbo, Floating-Lemma, Wolfia, Water Hyacinth(Eichhornia Crassipes).
 Periphytes or Aufwuchs- These are the organisms both plant & animals attached to the stems and leaves of rooted plants or other surfaces such as rocks projecting above the bottom for example:- Pond snails, Nymphs of Dragonflies, Mayflies, Stoneflies, Flatworms, etc. These are the producers and secondary consumers. These are also sensitive indicators of environmental change in Lotic water because they are attached to the substrate, rocks,l etc. For example, diatoms in particular are useful indiactors of biological condition of water & they are Ubiquitous & found in all lotic systems and represent good water quality.
 Benthic Organisms- Aquatic invertebrates that live in the bottom parts of the water are called Benthic micro invertebrates or benthos (benthic-bottom, macro-large, invertebrate-without backbone) and make good indicators of water bodies health because they live in the bottom of the water for all or most of their life, stay in areas suitable for their survival, are easy to collect and are helpful to know the water quality according to the types of macroinvertebrates found on water bodies. For example, Stoneflies, Dragonflies are considered as clean water benthos whereas presence of tubificids indicates the water bodies as polluted due to excess organic wastes.

 Planktons
The word plankton comes from the Greek word ‘planktons’ which means ‘drifting’. Planktons are microscopic organisms that float freely in water bodies. Plankton is made up of tiny plants(phytoplankton) and tiny animals(zooplankton) and bacteria.
 Phytoplanktons-They are primary producers(autotrophs). They are the base of the food chain. They use Chrolophyll to convert energy(sunlight), inorganic chemicals(nitrogen & dissolved carbondioxide) to carbohydrates or chemical energy. Phytoplanktons are the food for the zooplankton and fish and other secondary consumers. For e.g. diatoms, Cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, spirogyra, euglena, etc.
 Zooplanktons-These are microscopic animals that eat other planktons. Abundance of zooplankton will help to decline the phytoplanktons populations by preying on them and increases predation by juvenile fishes reduces the zooplankton populations. Some zooplanktons are larval or immature stages of larger including molluscs like (Snails & Squad), crustaceans(daphnia, Krill,copepods), fish, etc.
 Fish-Fish are useful indicators to assess the water quality either it is clean or polluted. Fish living in water bodies is not enough for the understanding of the people but also need to know what kinds of fish are there how many and their indicators of watershed condition because they live in water all of their life and indicate water resources quality providing information about the physical, chemical and biological condition of water bodies. For example, trout and salmon represents in water bodies indicate good water quality whereas catfish & carpfish represents water is being dirty or becoming polluted.

Impressing the boss across the table during Interview

2011-01-08T04:19:00.000-08:00

Interview can be nerve taking racking experience, even for the most seasoned interviewee with plenty to worry about, it can sometimes seem an additional stress to then consider the impression we are leaving behind. But, it doesn’t have to be that difficult and with some prior preparation you can relax during your interview, with the knowledge of that you are creating the right impression.
Don’t be late
Double check your interview details. Prior to your interview details you know the location and if necessary drive there before hand so you know exactly where it is how to get there and how long it takes this will help alleviate stress on the interview day.
If you need parking check beforehand the parking situation, you may need to reserve a park or you may need to find public parking close by so investigate your interview isn’t during peak hour there can always be traffic or public transport delays so allow extra time you can always wait in the car or in a nearby café.
Research the company and Role
Try to obtain a job description prior to the interview.
Consider possible questions that you might be asked and think about how you might answer them.
What do you know about the company? Do some research, most of the company have their details on their website if you are applying via an agency ask them.
Prepare some questions that you would like to ask about the role, what it is like to work for the company and the company culture.
Look the part
If you are applying for the management post then you need to look like a manager. Equally if you are applying for a creative role in an organization that fosters free thinking rather than suits, dress as they would. If you’re not sure than dress professionally.
Don’t forget the smaller details about the shiny shoes, clean nails and a neat a haircut show that you want to make a good impression.

Be prepared
Have your CV with you and any relevant details such as a portfolio. If you are relying on technology have a backup.
Body language during interview
Try to be aware of how you are sitting and any distracting behavior, such as playing with paper, this can create the impression that you are nervous. Offer a firm hand shake and hold confident eye contact during the interview. A smile can help alleviate your nerves and creates a friendly and open atmosphere.
Be confident and positive
It’s very difficult to be confident at an interview and you also don’t want to appear overly confident that you have the job. But, be positive and confident and convince yourself that you do have the skills and ability to do the job. If you can convince yourself then it will be much easier to convince someone else.
Better try to find the better positive responsibilities to all questions for example- If there is a career gap in your CV explains what the skills you might have gained during this period.
If you can avoid negative responses your interviewer doesn’t want to hear about all the problems you had in your last role and it might create the impression that you’re difficult to work with.
It’s important that you approach your interview with confidence. With a little preparation you can minimize any potential hiccups an the day that might cause stress and anticipating possible questions can give you the edge on having well thought out responses. Show an interest in the company that you want to work for and ask questions that demonstrate your knowledge and preparation. Approach your interview relaxed and don’t forget to smile.

Habitat Damage

2011-01-06T17:32:00.000-08:00

The rapid increase in the population leads to a damage for more houses and industries and the need for food requires more acres of cropland to be cultivated. Finding land for the uses often means replacement of wild habitats with human made environments.
The agricultural land covers about 9 million square miles of the world’s land surface which represents nearly all of the land on our planet that is easily cultivated, because ice, mountains and deserts account for the large percentage of the earth’s surface. Much of the farmland currently under cultivation is being damaged as farmers try to squeeze more of the crops out of the soil. Which means that the soil may not be fertile in future, creating the need for new farmland? This is likely to put increasing pressure on the world’s remaining wilderness.
Many other types of development demand land. Road, industry, mines and dams all need land and their construction often means disappearance of some habitats and the disruption of the others.
Although population growth in the richer countries of the world is low but the people in these countries use far more resources than those in the poor countries. Extracting resources damages the habitats. The copper taken from this mine in Utah will go to make wire or pipes, but the mountain will never be the same. Vast amounts of rocks are destroyed, disrupting the area’s wildlife.
Overgrazing of cattle in the dry grassland south of the Sahara Desert is habitat damage. Plants help to recycle rainfall by giving off moisture from their leaves. When the vegetation is stripped away, the region becomes drier. Millions of people are affected by drought in this part of Africa and wild animals like Cheetah, Gazelles and Antelope which used to roam here have lost their habitat due to the rapid population explosion in the world.

Environmental Geology

2011-01-05T19:18:00.000-08:00

Landform and its development
Landform is that piece of land which has more or less similar morphological features & are formed by certain geological process like plain, pleatues, valley, basin, etc. All these processes which can shape different shapes of landform is termed as geological process. Erosion, transportation, mass movement, etc. effect landform development. Earthquake, volcano, tectonism are the endogenous process that cause landform development.
Types of landform
 Hill/Mountain
Difference in elevation i.e. about 600-700m from sea level is hill and above 700m is classified as mountain. Peak is the single mountain.They’re higher elevated landforms than its surroundings. Hill & mountain is formed in range whereas peak is single one.
 Valley/basin
It is the negative landform which is depressed than its surroundings. Valley is that part of landform whose one part is depressed but there are elevated part. Basin is that part of landform whose all parts are elevated.
 Pleatau
They are the table like landforms which rises adoptly from its surrounding and have broad flat top. In Nepal there is Piedomont pleatau at the foot of mountain.

 Continental Shield
It is the background landforms of all types which has general slope and composed of oldest rock. It is background for all types of land forms. It cover up just like designing in cloth.
 Plain
It is that part of landforms which is the flat area.
Factors controlling landform development
The Geomorphic process of the development of landform is divided into two parts:
 Endogenous- Diastrophism or tectonism, volcanism, etc.
 Exogenous- Degradation & Aggradation.
Degradation is the lowering of the land surface by the geomorphic agents like wind, glacier, water, etc.
In Volcanism, elevated part id formed more than depressed part.
In tectonism, new landform is developed due to the tectonic movement of the internal materials of the earth.
 Climate- It is that part of the factors which defines or accelerates the rate of weathering & erosion. It converts steep slope into gentle slope. The south facing slope is gentle. The south facing slope gets more sun rays & precipitation than north facing slope & chemical weathering enhances. The civilization is also affected by climate.
 Gradient(Slope)- It is the ratio of the vertical distance to the horizontal distance. More the area of gradation faster is the erosion & slow weathering. Assent velocity increases i.e. KE increases then action of agent will be high & erosion faster up.
 Parent material- If soft & loose soil is distributed new landform is developed.
Air as the agent for morphological process
The differential heating of sunrays in different part cause wind.
Action performed by air
 Erosion – Deflation, Abrassion, Attrision.
 Transportation- Traction, Suspension, Saltation.
 Deposition.
Erosion
The process of wearing and tearing out of the surface materials by wind is called Erosion.
 Deflation- It is the process of lifting up of the loose particles by wind. Deflation can form different kinds of landforms as
 Desert pavement- When all the fine particles are deflated out, there will be coarse particles left and seems like paved on the ground known as desert pavement.
 Hamada- Hard rocky matter left behind by the action of deflation.
 Deflation blows/hollows or Oasis- Depression or negative landforms that are created by deflation action are confined or concentrated in a particular place. When depression are filled with water then it is called Oasis.
 Abrassion- It is the action of rubbing or stretching

Ecology

2011-01-05T19:12:00.000-08:00

• What is Ecology ?
Ecology (derived from greek word oikos , house or place to live and logos , study of) is the study of how living organisms interact with one another and with non- living environment .In fact it is the study of connections in nature.
• What are Organisms ?
An organism is any form of life .The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms . Organisms may conisists of single cell or many cells .On the basis of their cell structure, organisms can be classified as their eukaryotic an prokaryotic.
Each cell of eukaryotic organism
 Is surrounded by a membre
 Has a distinct nucleus ( a membrane- bounded structure containing genetice material in the form of DNA).
 Has several other internal parts called organelles. All organelles except bacteria are eukaryotic.
• What is Population?
A population consists of a group of interacting individuals of the same species that occupy a specific area at the same time.
• What are communities, Ecosystem and the Biosphere?
Populations of the different species occupying a particular place make up a community or biological community.
An ecosystem is a community of different species interacting with one another and with their non-living environment of matter and energy.
• What are species?
Organisms that resemble with one another in appearance, behaviour, chemistry and generic make up.
Asexual reproduction is common in species such as bacteria with only one cell, which divides to produce two identical cells that are clones or replicas of the original cell.
Sexual reproduction occurs in organisms that produce offsprings by combining sex cells or gametes( ovum & sperm) from both parents. This produce offsprings that have combinations of genetic traits from each parents. Sexual reproduction usually gives the species the greater chance of survival under changing environmental conditions than the genetic clones produced by asexual reproduction.
• Biosphere
All of the earth’s ecosystems together make up what we call the biosphere.
Or
The portion of the planet occupied by life where biotic organisms exists and interact with their non-living environment is called biosphere. It includes hydrosphere & the Parts of the lower atmosphere and upper Lithosphere.
The goal of ecology is to understand the interaction in this thin layer, life supporting global skin or membrane of air, water, soil and organisms.
• What sustains life on Earth?
Life on earth depends on three inter-connected factors:
 The one way flow of high quality energy from the sun through materials and living things in their feeding interactions, into the environment as low quality energy (mainly heat dispersed into air or water molecules at low temperature and eventually back into space as heat.
 The cycling of matter (atoms, ions or the molecules needed to survive the living organisms) through parts of the biosphere.The earth is closed to significant inputs of the matter from space. Thus, essentially all the nutrients used by organisms are again and again for life to continue.

Population Explosion

2011-01-04T17:41:00.000-08:00

The world’s human population is growing rapidly. Every day about 230,000 babies were born, adding to more than six billion of us who already inhabit the planet. Every second the population of world is growing.
Children are important for the future but the growing population can damage the habitats. More and more of the underdeveloped areas were being cleared to provide people with food, resources and places to live in.
The advances in the medicine in the last decades have become the reason for the population explosion due to which people live longer.
Yet in the poor countries proper medical care is not always available and many infants die. Families on these areas rely on having many members to bring in money or to farm the land, because the survival is uncertain, women have more children in case some die.
In such a case families get poorer as they struggle to feed all their children, as the poverty grows they are forced to clear wild habitats in order to farm.
The expansion of urban areas has been particularly rapid in poor countries as people move from countryside to the city to look for the work. Often they cannot find jobs and end up in poverty-stricken shanty towns which grow up around the edges of the cities.
In this way urban areas spread into the wild land causing the rapid explosion of the population in the world. So, it is to be controlled in time to save the Earth from this rapid fire, which may destroy this world if this trend continues for a centuries.

Atmosphere

2011-01-04T17:34:00.000-08:00

Atmosphere

Composition of Atmosphere

For our clear understanding and proper studies the components of the atmosphere can be broadly be divided into three categories on the basis of the volume content as: Major, Minor and Trace.

Category	Gas Name	Chemical Formula	Percent Volume
Major	Nitrogen	N₂	78.08%
	Oxygen	O₂	20.95%
	* Water vapour	H₂O	0-4%
Minor	Argon	Ar	0.93%
	*Carbon dioxide	CO₂	0.036%
Trace	Neon	Ne	0.0018%
	Helium	He	0.0005%
	*Methane	CH₄	0.00017%
	Krypton	Kr	0.000114%
	*Nitrous oxide	N₂O	0.00003%
	Hydrogen	H₂	0.00005%
	Xenon	Xe	0.00009%
	Sulphur Dioxide	S₂O	*0.000000
	Ozone	O₃	0.000004%
	Ammonia	NH₃	*0.000000

From the above data we come to know that two major gases of the atmosphere Nitrogen and Oxygen only constitute to about more than 99% of the total gases in the atmosphere. Remaining other minor and the trace amount of gases constitute to about 1%of total gsases. The other gases like water vapour, carbondioxide,etc are at the state of its changing volume on the atmosphere. And the ramaining other gases except Argon are only at the trace amount in the atmosphere.

Layer of Atmosphere	Altitude range (in Km.)	Temperature range(in °C)	Important chemicals In symbols
Troposphere	0-11	15-56	N₂,O₂,CO₂,H₂O
Stratosphere	11-50	-56to -2	O₃
Mesosphere	50-85	-2 to-92	O₂⁺,No⁺
Thermosphere	85-500	-92 to 1200	O₂⁺,O⁺,No⁺

Troposphere: It contains 70% of the total mass of the atmosphere. The upper limit of the Troposphere may vary by a km or more depending upon the factors such as Temperature and nature of the terresterial surfaces. Density decreases exponentially with increasing in altitude. It is particularly due to general circulation of the Earth. In Troposphere temperature decreases with increasing altitude. The layer that differentiate the Troposphere and Stratosphere is known as Tropopause which has -56°C of temperature in average.

Stratosphere: In the Stratosphere temperature increases with increases in the altitude with a maximum of -2°C at the upper limit of the atmosphere. Ozone in this region absorb ultraviolet rays and raises the temperature causing the positive lapse rate. It plays an important role in the Stratosphere in blocking the ultraviolet rays to come down to the Earth surface so, it acts as a protective shield for the life on Earth from the injurious effect of the suns ultraviolet rays. And at the same time it supplies heat source for partitioning the atmosphere into quiescent stratosphere and turbulent strarosphere.

In Stratosphere, there is cycle of formation of Ozone & destruction of ozone simultaneously in natural condition but after releasing ozone destructing pollutants from the atmosphere by anthropogenic activities the natural cycle can be disturbed. So, the amount of formation of ozone is lessler than destruction of Ozone.

Mesosphere: In mesosphere, temperature falls alternatively. It is due to low level of ultraviolet rays absorbing chemical species. The temperature may vary from -2°C to -92°C.

Thermosphere: The temperature raise once again and reaches upto 1200°C. Atmospheric gases particularly oxygen and nitric oxide split into atoms and also undergo ionization after absorption of the solar radiation.

Nutrition for your health

2010-07-17T04:55:00.000-07:00

Legumes: Labeled as the “Powerhouse Food", legumes are the source of powerful energy food with vitamins and minerals along with an almost equal proportion of quality protein included in the list of meat alternatives. Eat these foods the night before a morning workout at dinner or eat some everyday.

Oatmeal: Yes, oatmeal! And not just in cold snowy weather. It is a great source of a long lasting stick to the ribs energy food, full of vitamins and minerals with heart health benefits .Eat some oatmeal 2-3 hours before workout every day.
Yogurt: Yogurt is loaded with nutrients such as high quality bone building calcium, protein, vitamin B and the healthy immune boosting bacteria that line our gastrointestinal tract. A great food, snack or snack topping, it's portable and easy to find. Eat one hour before a workout as a snack to give energy especially when the last meal was a few hours ago.
Banana: The banana made my list since almost everyone love bananas, but most of us think that they are fattening. Well, at about 120 calories for a medium one, loaded with potassium, vitamin C, sweet and starchy, they make the list. Bananas are also versatile. Which satisfy the starch urge by adding them to a fruit salad or cereal; thicken up a smoothie; stuff one in a bag to go; eat one on the run and even buy one at those fruit stands (we're less likely to get sick from a banana because of the peel). Eat 30 minutes to 1 hour before a workout everyday that keeps you healthy & fit.
Salad with veggies. Veggies are loaded with vitamins, minerals, photochemical and great complex carbohydrates. They fill us up without filling us out and they supply great energy. Add in 1/2 cooked chilled pasta and make it a dinner salad.
Baked Potato. Take a cue from bodybuilders who live on baked potatoes during their carp eating training days. Make it a meal by adding legumes, salsa or even cottage cheese.
High Fiber Cereal. Start the day with a high fiber wheat cereal with low fat milk and a favorite fruit. Aside from the high fiber benefits, whole grains supply us with energy to start the day physically and mentally. Want to snack during the day? Put mixed high fiber cereals in a baggie with dried fruit, and munch away an hour or two before a workout.
So, these are just a few carbohydrate foods. Of course, there are scooped bagels, tortillas filled with veggies, California rolls, and the dreaded pasta if we eat an appetizer portion for those of us watching our weight.

Taudaha lake at Chobhar

2010-07-17T04:48:00.000-07:00

Taudaha Lake situated at the foothills of the hills at the heart of the Chobhar, is said to be made by the King Manjushree during the time of cutting the hills of valley to cut off the water of the Kathmandu valley at that time to settle human settlements to reside the King Karkata Nag & his wife at the lake. The tree is located at the lake called Pyres passia. The Lake is surrounded by the green ecological area; some agricultural land is also available there; from where chemical runoff mixed to the lake. The eight shaped or the ktm valley shaped lake is situated at the left side of the way to the Dakshinkali. The outlet of the lake joins the Bagmati River along the Bansen Khola. This region is surrounded by the high hills and half of it by the plains flattening to the valleys joining by the Chobhar. At the side of the lake there is one restaurant occupying the agricultural land making small hut for the couples to enjoy there. Some of the domestic animals were also seen there like Cow, Goat, Sheep, etc. also the some birds were seen flying there like crow, crane. The surrounding area of the lake is found to be disturbed by constructing walls around the lake according to local people the wall was made to protect the lake from external chemical waste and other pollutants to keep it in its original state. Located in between the sub-tropical & temperate region at the height of 1350m from mean sea level, it occupies an area of about five hectare with a depth of about 5-10metre. Having the inlet anywhere inside the lake and rain water, the outlet of the lake mixed with the Bansen Khola which ultimately reaches to the Bagmati River. The Mesotrophic Lake has a climate of moderate eutrophication. The lake has a great ecological, cultural, religious as well as economic importance. The bird watching around the lake is very popular during winter season, since about 278 species of migratory birds were found around this lake. Fishes were found in great amount in this lake since the religious belief doesn’t allow local people to kill fish and even they don’t care about the dead fish of the lake. We found some dead fish on the surface of lake and some skeleton near the lake which was eaten by dogs. Some Buddhists come to worship at the lake and leave some baby fishes too the other species of fishes were Silver carp, Golden carp and common carp, etc. The lake is full of biological elements; presence of Dragonfly on the lake indicates that the quality of water of lake is good. The macrophytes found around the lake are Nymphaea, Alternathera, Persicarea, Myriophyllum, Potamogeton, Trepa, Paspalum, Ceratophyllum, etc. Not only these the lake has a great chance of internal tourism that can refresh the people after a long work and tiredness, the cycling activities can be conducted around the Taudaha on the way to Dakshinkali well which can help to forward the Taudaha lake area to develop well but the negative aspects of those activities should be well analyzed and checked at those period of working process in order to keep the lake in its original state. .

Contribution of CFC in the ozone layer depletion

2010-07-09T08:04:00.000-07:00

Origin of Ozone:- The history of Ozone begins from 1840 when the scientist Schonbein named the peculiar smelling gas, ozone meaning “I smell”. Later on, in 1886 Socret proved that ozone is not a miracle but simply an unstable triatomic allotrophic modification of oxygen. It is present in the upper atmosphere somewhat above 20 kms from the earth’s surface which is believed to formed by the action of ultraviolet rays on oxygen. The ultraviolet rays from the sun breaks up some of the oxygen molecule releasing oxygen atoms. These atoms recombine to form a three atom molecule of oxygen called Ozone.The layer of ozone has a thickness of about 24km & shields the earth from harmful u-v radiation of the sun. In the layer, it is being destroyed & formed in almost cyclic order. This cycle is violated when some ocean devastator comes in contact with with ocoean layer. The devastator is no other but our well known chlorine atoms. This devastation of ozone layer by chlorine atoms is actually termed as “Ocean-depletion”. This depletion diminishes the capability of ozone layer to filter the harmful ultraviolet radiations.
What is CFC?:-CFC is simply an abbreviated form of Chloro-fluoro carbon. Actually CFC is a group of synthetic chemicals, which was developed in 1930 by Dr. Thomas Midgey for Du-pont-Generalmotors used for the refrigeration purpose. The toxicity and corrosive nature of ammonia or SO₂ used in refrigeration compelled for a search of new substance. This compulsion broke out as a development of CFC, which was non-toxic & non-corrosive. The non-toxic and inert CFCs marketed by Du-Pont were in the trade name “Freons”. CFC-11 & CFC-12 were used as coolants in refrigerations & air-conditioners, as aerosol propellents. Later on, CFC-13 another synthetic chemical in the same group, was found to be very useful as a solvent in the semi-conductor industry.
Why are CFCs banned?:- The mystery of ozone depletion was revealed by an American scientist Dr. Sherry Rowlands and his research associate, Dr.Mano Marlin, at the university of California. Their findings about the ozone-devastator chlorine atoms was confirmed in 1975. Though these were confirmed the major Chlorine wafting man-made chemicals-CFCs were still away from the eyes of environmentalists since 1985. But,this year the British Antarctic survey made a commission to do the comparative measurements of ozone concentration over Antarctica. The result of the project shocked the each & every conscious human being & leld him to the position to choose the way between use CFCs and destroy himself or ban the CFC and save the whole world. After many discussions the convention was held on Montreal in 1987 which decided to reduce CFC consumption by 50% by 1999 and to ban CFC was that it is a major Chlorine atom producer & the chlorine atom is the major cause for ozone depletion.
This ozone depletion chiefly occurs near the poles in the spring. The prevailing low temperature of the stratosphere makes the ozone more vulnerable to the reaction eith chlorine released mainly from CFC. Due to this reason, even a small amount of chlorine also can cause an immense desruction of ozone layer. In normal course, the nitrous oxide destroys the ozone eater chlorine atoms & prevent the depletion. However, in the sub-zero temperature of the stratosphere above the polar regions, these nitrogen oxides freeze to form ice clouds & can no more save ozone. The accumulation of the Chlorine monoxide goes on increasing on one side and the shrinking of ozone proceeds on the other and ultimately a hole appears on the ozone layer. The major chlorine atoms releasing CFCs were banned knowing the fact that their repeate use can darken the future of human race & can convert the beautiful earth into a dradeful grave.
So, the Ozone-depletion & CFCs are synonymous. The CFCs are the major cause of ozone layer depletion though there are several other chemicals like; Carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, etc. This is the right time to think about our future. Western countries are more conscious about this and are using “CFC-free” materials. This shows that we can run our life comfortably even without CFC then “ Why to create problems ourselves?” So, there is an urge to think about CFC before we use any kind of chemical substances that may be either our deodrant or body. spray or refrigerating medium or any things llike that, or not? Please think it with cool mind once are we going forward or going backward destroying ourselves.

Environment: Man's Impact

2010-04-09T05:42:00.000-07:00

The man’s impact on the environment fall into two broad categories
• Direct or the intentional impacts
• Indirect or Unintentional impacts.
Direct or the intentional impacts are preplanned and premeditated because man is aware of the consequences, both positive and negative of any programme which is launched to change or modify the natural environment for economic development of region concerned. Such changes include land use ( clearing of forests and burning of grassland for crop cultivation, falling of trees for commercial purposes, changes in cropping pattern in relation to new farming techniques, new high yielding seeds, irrigational facilities, etc.), constructions of dams, reservoirs and canals, diversion and manipulation of river channel, construction of embankments and dykes to protect the area from floods, construction of roads and bridges, increase in urbanization, mining, drilling of minerals oils, etc.,withdrawal of groundwater , agricultural practices( mechanization of agriculture, use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides) weather modification programmes ( cloud seeding to induce precipitation, dispersal and clearing of clouds and fogs, checking of hailstorm), nuclear programmes, etc. It is significant to point out that the effects of such anthropogenic changes in the natural environment are noticeable within short period and may continue to effect the environment for the long time but these effects are reversible because before and after studies may enable the man to set the adverse effects right to certain extent if so intended by making changes in the initial programmes. The atomic energy explosions and the flying of super-sonic aero planes have led to the depletion of ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. The danger of leakage of nuclear radiations from nuclear power plants and of various poisonous chemicals from various chemical industries is always there. The indirect or the unintentional impacts of human on the environment are not preplanned or premeditated and these arise from those human activities which are directed to accelerate the pace of economic growth, especially industrial development. Though such economic activities may be economically important but the after-effects are certainly socially undesirable. The indirect impacts of human economic activities on the environment are not immediately noticeable because of time lag between the effects of economic activities bring in slow rate of changes of moderate nature in a few components of the ecosystem and these changes take long time to cross the sensitivity of the system. Sometimes, such effects are not reversible and therefore it becomes difficult to identify and evaluate them. These effects may change the overall natural system and the chain effects sometimes become suicidal for human being. Majority of the indirect impacts of human activities on the environment are related to pollution and environmental degradation. Urbanization, industrial expansion and land use changes very often change weather and climate though in long term perspective. Economic activities of man are capable of affecting the heat balance of the earth and its atmosphere which in turn transforms weather and climate at regional and global scales. Some of the ill effects of the industrial revolution or technological revolution are:
• Industrial revolution has led to bio-concentration of pesticides in the bodies of human beings and animals.
• Industrial revolution is using-up the earth’s neural called metal ores at a very fast rate.
• Industrial revolution has depleted the ozone layer of upper atmosphere to some extent which results in the global warming.
• Industrial revolution has increased pollution in air, water and soil.
• Industrial revolution is eating up the fossil fuels at a very rapid rate.
• Industrial revolution has led to large scale cutting of the forests i.e. deforestation.In fact man changes the atmospheric conditions through.
• Changes in the natural gaseous of the atmosphere mainly in the lower part.
• Changes in the water vapour content of the troposphere and the stratosphere through direct (cloud seeding) and indirect means (deforestation).
• Changes and alteration of land surfaces (deforestation, mining, urbanization, etc.).
• Introduction of aerosols in the lower atmosphere.
• Released of additional heat in the atmosphere (From urban and industrial sources), etc.

Environment and Human: Past and present

2010-04-07T23:44:00.000-07:00

The changing relationship of man with the natural environment from prehistoric to modern periods may be divided into four stages as follows:
Period of hunting and food; This period is related to most primitive man when he was basically a part of natural environment and his functions was based on forest like other animals. Thus the primitive man was functionally a biological man or physical man because his basic requirements were limited food only which he could collect from his surroundings. Thus, the primitive man used to satisfy his hunger by fruits which were easily obtained from plants and trees and he spent his nights in the caves or on the trees. With the march of time man learned to hunt animals for his food. Even the hunting of animals by early man did not make any change in the natural environmental system because of his limited requirements and very low population and uncivilized society. The discovery of fire made a significant change in the altitude of man because now he learned to cook animal flesh before eating. This practice requires wood which he used to derive easily from the forest. The demand of wood for burning purposes to roast animals made another significant change in the starting point in the technology as the man had invent some devices to cut and chop trees and their branches to get firewood. He also invented some tools to kill animals. The first destruction of environment started with the careless burning of forests due to carelessness of man which cooking and roasting the animals with fire. This led to a chain of effects by man on his environment. He might have seen the destruction and clearing of dense forests and running of animals away due to inadvertent man-induced fire.
Period of animal domestication and pastoralism: With the march of time early man learned to domesticate animals for his own benefits. He might have domesticated some milch cattle and some animals for meat in the beginning. Slowly and slowly his herd of domesticated animals might have substantially increased. With the march of time the early peoples might have gathered larger herds of domesticated animals. They still stuck to nomadic way of as they had to move from one place to another place In search of water and fodder for their animals and food for themselves. Thus increase in the population of domesticated animals also led to increase in the population of early peoples which ultimately led to meaningful exploitation of environmental resources but this could not change the natural state of environment because the population of early peoples and their domesticated animals was still under manageable size and the changes brought in by human activities in the environment were well within the limit of self-regulatory mechanism of the natural environmental ecosystem.
Period of plant domestication and agriculture: Domestication of plants for food was a hallmark in the development of human skill of taming and controlling the biotic component of the natural environmental system or ecosystem. Domestication of plants initiated primitive type of agriculture and sedentary settled life of people who previously were nomads and wanders. But still many of the people use to live nomadic life. With the march of time man developed his own environment known as “the cultural environment” by building houses and thus creating villages, towns and cities, by building social institutions like schools and colleges, by building places of workshops like temples, churches, mosques, etc. by constructing roads, railroad, bridges, canals, etc. It may be pointed out that all these and many more elements of cultural environment were evolved through various stages of agricultural development up to 1860 or say before industrial revolution.
Period of science, technology and industrialization: The dawn of industrial revolution in late nineteenth century with the emergency of science and development of more efficient and sophisticated technology initiated the hostile relationship between man and his natural environment. Extreme concept of the western world, advanced technological man led to reckless and indiscriminate rapacious exploitation of natural resources for industrial expansion and urban growth which have altogether created most of the present day environmental and ecological problems of global dimension. With the rapid increase in human population and the onset of industrial revolution, the demand of natural raw material and sources of energy is increasing day to day.

Are people happy today?

2010-04-05T22:51:00.000-07:00

The advancements in the science and technology have narrowed the world at present. All the people are attracted towards the modern facilities of the world. 21st century is known as the age of the computers so all people were attracted towards the computer education, which have developed a lot of programs that can run the world with in the single hand i.e. Email and the internet. Not only were these there others lots of means of transportation and communication had that changed the life of the people dramatically. The development of the civilization is different from each other in each continent and the region of the world but at this century the scientific invention has made the world a single home and all the members as their own family. People has got the facilities and the world has narrowed they can reach from one place to the other within a second, visit the world in a day, exchange the culture with each other with people of Africa with that of America and vice versa to the other rest of the world. Invention of the mobile phones help contact at any place of the world which is the development of communications like satellite television station, radio broadcasting centre, etc. too. Invention of the modern vehicles like Car, Bus, Cycle, Motor-Bike, Train, Aero plane, Helicopter, Rocket, Jet-Liners, etc. has increased the efficiency of our work style and improved our life styles but on the other hand this development has destroyed the happiness and peace of the people at this stage. The world cyclist Pushkar Shah told that the people at present have destroyed their happiness due to this pressure of the modern inventions which has added more pressure on the local people. They’re highly pressured due to this they’re losing their own life and destroying their own health and life because they’re running towards money at present.

Interview: Impressing the boss

2010-04-04T05:35:00.000-07:00

Impressing the boss across the table during Interview Interview can be nerve taking racking experience, even for the most seasoned interviewee with plenty to worry about, it can sometimes seem an additional stress to then consider the impression we are leaving behind. But, it doesn’t have to be that difficult and with some prior preparation you can relax during your interview, with the knowledge of that you are creating the right impression. Don’t be late Double check your interview details. Prior to your interview details you know the location and if necessary drive there before hand so you know exactly where it is how to get there and how long it takes this will help alleviate stress on the interview day. If you need parking check beforehand the parking situation, you may need to reserve a park or you may need to find public parking close by so investigate your interview isn’t during peak hour there can always be traffic or public transport delays so allow extra time you can always wait in the car or in a nearby café. Research the company and Role Try to obtain a job description prior to the interview. Consider possible questions that you might be asked and think about how you might answer them. What do you know about the company? Do some research, most of the company have their details on their website if you are applying via an agency ask them. Prepare some questions that you would like to ask about the role, what it is like to work for the company and the company culture.Look the part If you are applying for the management post then you need to look like a manager. Equally if you are applying for a creative role in an organization that fosters free thinking rather than suits, dress as they would. If you’re not sure than dress professionally. Don’t forget the smaller details about the shiny shoes, clean nails and a neat a haircut show that you want to make a good impression.
Be prepared Have your CV with you and any relevant details such as a portfolio. If you are relying on technology have a backup. Body language during interview Try to be aware of how you are sitting and any distracting behavior, such as playing with paper, this can create the impression that you are nervous. Offer a firm hand shake and hold confident eye contact during the interview. A smile can help alleviate your nerves and creates a friendly and open atmosphere. Be confident and positive It’s very difficult to be confident at an interview and you also don’t want to appear overly confident that you have the job. But, be positive and confident and convince yourself that you do have the skills and ability to do the job. If you can convince yourself then it will be much easier to convince someone else. Better try to find the better positive responsibilities to all questions for example- If there is a career gap in your CV explains what the skills you might have gained during this period. If you can avoid negative responses your interviewer doesn’t want to hear about all the problems you had in your last role and it might create the impression that you’re difficult to work with. It’s important that you approach your interview with confidence. With a little preparation you can minimize any potential hiccups an the day that might cause stress and anticipating possible questions can give you the edge on having well thought out responses. Show an interest in the company that you want to work for and ask questions that demonstrate your knowledge and preparation. Approach your interview relaxed and don’t forget to smile.

Leadership and its outstanding qualities

2010-04-01T22:26:00.000-07:00

Coming across the students, professionals, managers and would be managers who aspire to become a good leader in their chosen fields. One question they never forget is “How can I become a good leader.” Or “which are the areas that I need to focus on to be an effective leader?” Let’s think about any of the re-known person in the world Barak Obama, Mahatma Gandhi, Geeerija Prasad Koirala or Saurav Ganguly or Steve Waugh –all have demonstrated some common qualities which have made them great leader in their respective fields. From their leadership style the essence of leadership can be drawn out as under:-
L- Stands for loyalty- towards their people, organization and country society in general. It also stands for love for what they do and their people it is this love that signifies the passion for hard work and the never ending enthusiasm and energy.
E- Leaders influence others by the energy and enthusiasm, which they exuberate. Energy and enthusiasm are infectious and rub on to the others, who then want to be a part of whatever is happening. E also stands for leading by Example: A manager who consciously follows the organizations code of conduct would not have to ask his people to follow it- they’ll automatically observe it.
A- A is the ability to adopt oneself to the demands of the situation and being flexible. It is flexibility, which makes one open to listening and suggestion, which in turn helps a person to adapt him and his style. It also stands for Assertiveness- an important skill for ensuring that people understand and do what he want them to do.
D- It is about Diagnosis- the ability to accurately Assers the needs of the follower in a specific situation. It is also about taking quiet and timely decisions. It also means maintaining the right balance between directing the whole show on one hand and delegation and decentralization on the other.
E-It is about the empowerment- an effective leader is one who empowers his people. This empowerment is in terms of delegation of responsibility as well as authority. It is also in terms of strengthening knowledge, skills and competencies. Here in comes the role of coaching and counseling. A leader needs to understand that the best way to empower is to Motivate and should look for the opportunities to appreciate good work.
R-It stands for Recognition- every person has an inherent need for recognition. A good leader is one who does not hog all the lime lights himself but shares the laurels with all. More importantly he ensures that each person is getting his due by bringing to the force front his achievements. It also stands for the ability to take the Risk; also R is about respecting each person for what he is and earning the respect of others. A good leader commands respect. Finally R is about being a ‘Role Model.’
S- It means being supportive. Supportive behavior is the extent to which a leader engages in two- way communication, involves employees in decision making and provides support and encouragement. It also means being Situational- that is the ability to change the leadership style to suit the needs of the follower in a specific situation.
H-H is about hard-working not only getting the work done but also putting in honest hard works one. It also stands for having a Hand in building strong team. A successful leader is one who is constantly working on keeping his people together as a team.
I-I stands for integrity and credibility. A leader can command respect only when people can believes in him and trust him. A leader also has to be innovative- not only in terms of new ideas and strategies but also in terms of being able to find solutions to various problems that come his way.
P- It includes a lot of things, being Passionate about everything. It means being people-oriented. It is about understanding people and especially about the process of getting people all pointing and acting in the same direction. It is also about monitoring others and partnership for the performance with all last but not the least, it is about ‘Problems solving skills’- the ability to think on the feet and maintain ones cool to matter that.

Reducing your weight, are you ready?

2010-04-01T01:09:00.000-07:00

Are you worried about your increasing weight? If so then don't worry we have prepared some simple tips which can help reduce your weight.In this system neither you've to cut off your best food nor draw out maximum sweat from your body. If you follow this simple instructions regularly you can get your desired body structure. The main thing during losing your weight is the reduction of your calorie level, for which exercise is one thing and the changing of your foodhabit be the another. Control of the protein in your food by preparing the short list of light food also helps reduce calorie from your body. We've prepared simple tips which can be done at any place and any time during leisure. Try to do it regularly then you'll find yourself how healthy you'vebeen drammatically:
1> During office hour if you've to work a long time sitting on a chair then don't mind you can step(tap) your foot on the floor regularly, try to enjoy standing better than sitting on a chair, be active, better walk here and there in office better than sitting feeling bored. In doing so you're able to burn about 350 calorie more daily than sitting on a chair. If you perform it regularly you'll cut off about 16 kilograms of your weight the whole year.Isn't it beneficial?
2>Try to take balanced diet regularly at a certain interval not exceeding the calorie more than 400 each period, this gives positive response to the insulin also reduces the cholesterol during fasting. If you develop this habit your habit of over-eating will be given up which results in the reduction of calorie in the food. Isn't it fantastic? But try to forbid junk food totally.
3> I think you're worried about your increasing work load, please don't mind it is better to increase work volume, it doesn't harms. If you have a habit of gossiping with friends during leisure period but it is better to play a music then dance closing a room. It not only gives you refreshment but also helps to burn a lot of calorie. How do you think to kill to birds with a single stone?
4>Drink about eight glass of cool water daily, it is found that we've to drink water in litre to the figure obtained by dividing your total weight by 30 per day. We think water is drunk only to fulfill the thirst not only that it helps to rise up the metabolic activities. It is prooved that one third of our total body's energy is utilized in heating up the cool water also body expenses some energy in absorbing water. Drinking water never rise up the calorie but it uses calorie in absorbing it. At present cold drinks are common to all but we drink different chemicals and some calorie too along with it.So, better try to give up the habit of taking cold drinks better try to drink pure cool water. Also drink water before food and snacks and after juiceand sweets.
5>Better do not use lift use ladder to climb up and come down the floor. In case of leisure time you can jump up and down the ladder as children it gives you pleasure along with the burning of the calorie from your body.
6>Please try to develop a habit of carrying a bag/load regularly it also helps to reduce the calorie from your body. Better carry hand bag regularly on both the hand. If tou're on a travel better carry two small bag rather than a big suitcase, it helps to reduce your calorie level unknowingly.
7>Give priority to the food containing fibre in your diet. High fibre in your diet helps to reduce the calorie intake. Better try to cut off the carbohydrateand increase the amount of fibre in diet. It is because fibre is not easily chewed and takes more time, in doing so more amount of digesting hormone is produced which digests more amount of food in a short period. Therefore, try to take fruits as a lunch in your diet.
Follow up all these insructions thoroughly if you really want to reduce your weight. Reading only is nothing but doing in real practice is the realone so, I wish you the healthy,longer,better and happy life with your desired body structure.

Health and Exercise

2010-03-29T23:03:00.000-07:00

Legumes:Labelled as a "powerhouse Food", legumes are a powerful energy food with vitamins and minerals along with an almost equal proportion of quality protein included in the list of meat alternatives. Eat these the night before a morning work out at dinner, or eat some everyday!
Oatmeal: Yes, oatmeal! And not just in cold snowy weather. It is a great source of a long lasting stick to the ribs energy food, full of vitamins and minerals with heart health benefits .Eat some oatmeal 2-3 hours before workout.
Yogurt: Yogurt is Loaded with nutrients such as high quality bone building calcium, protein, B vitamins and the healthy immune boosting bacteria that line our gastrointestinal tract. A great food, snack or snack topping, it's portable and easy to find. Eat one hour before a workout as a snack to give energy especially when the last meal was a few hours ago.
Banana: The banana made my list since almost everyone loves bananas, but most of us think that they are fattening! Well, at about 120 calories for a medium one, loaded with potassium, vitamin C, sweet and starchy, they make the list. Bananas are also versatile. Satisfy the starch urge by adding them to a fruit salad or cereal; thicken up a smoothie; stuff one in a bag to go; eat one on the run and even buy one at those fruit stands (we're less likely to get sick from a banana because of the peel). eat 30 minutes to 1 hour before a workout.
Salad with veggies. Veggies are loaded with vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and great complex carbohydrates. they fill us up without filling us out and they supply great energy. Add in 1/2 cooked chilled pasta and make it a dinner salad.
Baked Potato. Take a cue from bodybuilders who live on baked potatoes during their carb eating training days. Make it a meal by adding legumes, salsa or even cottage cheese.
High Fiber Cereal. Start the day with a high fiber wheat cereal with low fat milk and a favorite fruit. Aside from the high fiber benefits, whole grains supply us with energy to start the day physically and mentally. Want to snack during the day? Put mixed high fiber cereals in a baggie with dried fruit, and munch away an hour or two before a workout!
So, these are just a few carbohydrate foods. Of course, there are scooped bagels, tortilla's filled with veggies, california rolls, and the dreaded pasta if we eat an appetizer portion for those of us watching our weight.
Walking
Walking is a suitable fitness activity for all age groups young, pregnant and elderly people.
You can walk for pleasure in accordance with a structured program or alternatively incorporate walking into normal everyday life.
There are many different ways of walking: slow, brisk, fat and power walking, all of which have beneficial effects.
Walking is one of the very best all round exercises for muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory fitness.
A brisk half an hour walk, five days a week will provide exercise for the heart, stomach muscles, arms and legs, without straining the joints and is a great stress-reliever.
Moreover, walking is not just an outdoor activity. Although perhaps less enjoyable, it can be done indoors. A treadmill can be used regardless of the weather and provides the same benefits to the heart, lungs and legs.
When you walk, keep your shoulders wide up and relaxed, and let your arms hang loosely by your side so that they swing backward and forward naturally as you walk.
When faced with a lift or escalator in shops and railway stations, think of your heart and the muscles of your body, and seize your chance for increased fitness: walk up instead. When you are at home, do you put things at the bottom of the stairs to take up later? Seize the opportunity and take them up now. Make several trips if necessary and revel in the easy availability of another opportunity for activity.
Benefits: good cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular fitness, stamina in legs, stomach muscles, shoulders and arms.
Riding
Riding is an aerobic exercise which develops muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory fitness. There are different types of horse riding, some of which make greater demands on your body than others.
When your mount is walking, your leg muscles, particularly your calves, are constantly active as you make contact with its girth and nudge it along with the back of your ankles. As you go into a trot, your leg muscles continue to grip the horse's girth but now your body is faced with the additional challenge of rising from the knees in your seat - up, down, up, down, repeatedly, using your calves and knees as you push off from the saddle. Once you are into a canter, you no longer rise in the saddle, but your leg grip needs to be powerful if you are to stay astride.
Lean forward over the horse's neck to touch your left toe with your right hand. Now repeat the process on the other side. Continue until you feel limbered up.
With arms outstretched, and head up and slightly back, turn around as far as possible, twisting your upper body from the hips. This is designed to increase the suppleness of your back and waist.
In order to loosen up your back muscles, fold your arms over your chest and lean right back on to the horse's quarters, with your legs remaining in the normal riding position.
Buying and owning a horse can be very expensive but you can hire them quite easily. Once you have learned to ride, the options are unlimited:
Hacking out once or twice a week with a riding school (trotting, cantering, galloping and jumping in a variety of terrains)
Show jumping (taking the horse over a series of different types of jumps in competition).
Dressage (taking the horse through a series of specific and carefully controlled manoeuvres).
Cross-country trials (timed competitions over set courses with a number of different styles of jump).
Riding holidays in which you trek several miles a day (a good introduction to horse riding for beginners).
Mountain-trail riding of a group trek along a trail in mountainous countryside
It is best to learn to ride with a qualified instructor. The cost of riding will vary from area to area, whereas hacking in a group, for example, will be less costly. You should always, without exception, wear a safety hat.
How to exercise your Brain?

We all have little lapses in memory like leaving the keys in the door, forgetting someone's name or missing an appointment. Rarely do we think we are getting old or senile. Most times it's due to too much going on in that brain of yours. You have too much on your mind or you're stressed out. Maybe you didn't concentrate enough on what it was you were supposed to remember.
Research shows that brainpower can increase with mental activities in older people. Aging does not mean automatically losing mental capacity. The National Institute of Aging has conducted a series of tests that prove most dramatic memory decline occurs around age 70, if it occurs at all. Even though memory may fade with time, thinking ability remains strong. Vocabulary and reasoning skills often improve with age.
No matter what your age, exercising your brain may make the difference between using it and losing it. Or if you are young and have older family members or friends who seem to be losing memory, encouraging brain activity can help.
Activities such as doing crossword puzzles, playing word games or cards strengthens the synapses between brain cells in memory transmission areas. Physical exercise can increase mental abilities 20% to 30 %, according to recent studies. Journal writing and working with your hands to build or create can help as well.
For older adults who sense memory loss occurring, use mental helps such as calendars, calculators, list making, and group discussions. And relax. Worrying about what you're going to forget can cause a mental block.

Vulture in Nepal and its conservation

2010-03-25T01:08:00.000-07:00

I think it is globally known to all that the remains of the dead bodies in the surrounding is harmful and even gives ugly environment too. The best way to prevent from these cases is to conserve the Vultures which is only the single alternative for the remains of the dead bodies. Since, Vultures are known as the natural sweepers, it cleans up the remains of the dead bodies. Lack of habitat, food and the use of the Dichlophenic medicines for the animals causes the Vultures to be extinct at present, their numbers is decreasing at present but the government and the concern groups were unknown about the situation of the Vultures in Nepal. So, the local people of the western Nepal were joining hands to conserve the Vultures by establishing the Vultures restaurant. It is known to all that Vultures made their nest in tall & big trees mainly in Silk-cotton tree i.e. Simal in Nepal. These trees were used for furniture, match-stick, etc. due to which their habitat is being destroyed rapidly. It is said that the chain of the ecosystem is deeply related and the disturbance in any one of the chain may leads to the whole imbalance of the ecosystem. So, at present the conservation of Vulture for the clean and green environment is very necessary. We have to said it misfortune that the friend of the environment that helps to save the environment by cleaning of the remains of the dead animals by cleaning it up. Lack of habitat & food has been the great threat to its conservation. So, the time has come to show our responsibilities to save the environment by developing the habitat & preserving the Silk-cotton trees. Not only the Simal all the tall & big trees are the habitat & nest for the Vultures. Out of nine Vultures found in the South Asia eight of them were found in Nepal. Due to the geographical diversity and climatic favorability all of the species of Vultures were found in Pokhara. Even the Vultures found at the Himalayas of Mustang were found to settle down to Pokhara during the month of Oct- Nov. Gautam Sapkota: Who had keep the world record by speaking out the voice/sound of 175 birds, whose name was written in the books of world records told that “the Vultures were the peace loving creatures and didn’t speak while sitting but quarrel with loud sound while feeding.”He further added that he’d seen Vultures at the sky of Pohara two years ago but nowadays they’re not seen. There were a lot of people advocating about he conservation of birds in Nepal but there’s no-one to do it actively. The eight species of Vultures found in Nepal are Dangar, Sano-Khairo, Golden Vulture, White Vulture, Raj Vulture, Brown, Mountainous Vulture and Hard-ford vulture. Among them Dangar, Sano- khairo, Golden and white vultures were at the state of extinction. Two years earlier IUCN has enlisted four species of Vultures at the state of extinction.
Present situation of Vultures Conservation It is found out from the research that the use of Dichlophenic medicines for the animals at the time of Pain, infection and swells is the causative agent that kills the Vultures and decrease its number said the senior vetnerian of Nepal Bird Conservation Forum Dr.Surya Poudyal. Dr.Poudyal further added that the innocent Vultures if eat the dead animals by use of medicine affects the Kidney and finally kills them. As the initial step for the conservation of the Vultures the photo exhibition were organized at the different parts of the country with the theme of “Protect the Vulture, save the environment.” Lots of the visitors had viewed the photos of the Vultures in Nepal and get information about the present status of Vultures in Nepal. Lack of proper place for throwing the dead bodies and loss of habitat. So, in order to protect the Vulture: Vulture restaurant was established at different parts of the country. The restaurants were opened at Nawalparasi, Dang, Rupandehi, etc. and is in process to be extended to other parts like Palpa, Kailali and at the place tourism attraction i.e. Pokhara too. More than 11000 species of birds were found in world out of which 864 species were found in Nepal among which 135 species were at the state of extinction. The initial step for the conservation of the Vulture is to organize the community sensitization programme about the importance of the Vultures in the Environment.

Plastic can be destroyed

2010-03-20T05:47:00.000-07:00

The invention of the plastic had made a drastic change in the life of people. But, the undegradable and the undestroyable nature of the plastic has made a serious problem to the environment at present. At the 21st century use of plastic products has reached the extreme point but on the other side it will not be destroyed easily which has become the problem of research to the scientists.

On the research to find out the solution for the disposing waste of the plastic products the scientists at the Govinda Ballov Panta University India has claimed that they had found out the bacteria that was able to destroy the plastic. From this research they had claimed that they were now able to get rid of the plastic waste from the world. According to the agencies the research was conducted on the project of the central government of India.

According to the head of bio-depart Dr. Rita Goyal & Dr. MGH Jaidi they told that they'd conducted research for years. In the research they'd found 78 types of bacteria with which the plastic can be destroyed. They told that the bacteria Pseudomonas, Acetino Bacter basical which are found at the himalayas can help disposing the plastic. It is told that out of 78 bacteria, scientists had prepared a mixture of 28 bacteria. Dr. Goyal further added that the chemical structure of plastic is bind strongly which cannot be easily destroyed but the mixture of 28 bacteria was able to destroy that strong bond. He further added that for that the mixture of bacteria is to be done in fixed proportion. From this research it is trusted that the waste and the effect of the plastic arising at the time of disposing will be solved and the environment will be saved from harmful pollution.

WAYS FOR THE CLEAN AND GREEN ENVIRONMENT

2010-03-18T01:43:00.000-07:00

Human beings including all the creatures found on this world are the components of the environment. At present due to the rapid increasing population and anti-environment human activities there is high pressure on the environment due to which its quality is being degraded day by day. If the environment is for all and we are the action group we have to take the responsible for controlling it for that what steps are we adopting, if we haven’t started it has been to late so please start to step forward from today &now to save the environment:
Change Compact fluorescent lamp in place of normal bulb.
Use solar power which is the renewable and pollution free energy source.
Try to make the insulated room which doesn’t need heater or AC during winter season.
Turn off the computer if it is not in use or off time in office.
Turn off the bulb if it is not in use.
Check the amount of air in the wheel for good mileage.
Better walk the short distance if there is time.
Turn of the gas geyser if it is not in use.
Use the low power (saving) consuming equipments.
Use of fuel saving/low fuel consuming vehicles.
Better use the means of communication like internet, fax, phone, etc.
Turn of the tap after use.
Plant more trees >please try to plant one tree a year.
Use of Bio-fuel.
Use public vehicles.
Refuse/Discard plastic products.
Saving use of paper products i.e. reuse and recycle.
Try to use less amount of waste producing materials.
Try to use less water.
Convey this message to all the friends i.e. Duplicate for that start from your own family.

Habitat Damage and its consequences

2010-03-14T00:13:00.000-08:00

Environmental Problems due to Scientific inventions

2010-03-13T20:25:00.000-08:00

The advancements in the scientific invention is taken as the boon for the mankind but it has become the destroyer of the environment.The invention of the plastic has made a drastic change in the life of people but the negative impact of the plastic after its use is very dangerous to the natural environment, it not only spoils the environment it gives unpleasant smell to the environment along with the ugly environment.At present we can get various pamphlets and handsout about the climate change and the global warming. Those issues were the headlines of the worlds most of the magazines and the medias were working to search new things about it. Majority of the people were unknown about the world's climate change and its effects. It's major causing agent were the capitalist and the industrialist country in the world. But its effects were to be faced by the innocent people of the himalayan countries like Nepal and the country at the seashore like Maldives. So, in order to draw the attention of the world both of the countries had organized a parliamentary meeting at the base camp of the worlds highest Mt. Everest and below the sea respectively. Presently this has become the major environmental problems but there were others problems too which are as under:
Air pollution:
>Global climate change
>Ozone depletion
>Urban air pollution
>Acid deposition
>Outdoor pollution
>Indoor pollution
>Noise
Water pollution:
>Sediment
>Nutrient overload
>Toxic chemicals
>Infectious agent
>Oxygen depletion
>Pesticides
>Oil spills
>Excess heat
Soil pollution:
>Chemical fertilizers
>Pesticides
>Plastic products and bags
>Rubber products
>Other miscellaneous solid wastes.
Waste production:
>Solid waste
>Hazardous waste
Biodiversity Depletion:
>Habitat destruction
>Habitat degradation
>Extinction
Food supply problems:
>Overgrazing
>Farmland loss and degradation
>Wetland loss and degradation
>Overshing
>Coastal pollution
>Soil erosion
>Soil salinization
>Soil water logging
>Water shortage
>Ground water depletion
>Loss of biodiversity
>Poor nutrition, etc.

Job and abroad study

2010-03-11T00:29:00.000-08:00

Today the abroad study has become the fashion to the middle and upper class of people in Nepal.
Everyday about hundreds of youths were on the queue to make the police report and get the no objection letter to go abroad . But actually why the teenagers and youths were attracted towards the oreign countries?
Why they go abroad?
In order to go abroad there is two main reason: quality education and better job opportunities. In our country due to the political instability in the country youths were being frustrated and attracted towards the foreign country in search of proper education and better job opporunity. At present after completing the higher education they want to go abroad. The European countries has become their centre of attraction, including America too. The education system of our country too has too played the role of catalyst for that. The theoretical education system of our country diesnt teach how to be good person in future spend life and develop skills for the self dependent. The loose security system of our country and the overexploitation of the human rights and the non guaranteed security is the reason for being youth attracted towards the foreign country. Here they dont get to enjoy their basic huamn rights too and to their business but going abroad they can continue their business freely. Not only these the students after going abroad in the student visa they try to get permanent residency in that country because they dont get proper environment to enjoy inside the country.
I think there is a great to be the Nepali in the world but they're frustrated due to the politicians of our country who have polluted the political situation of our country due to which the
youths were leaving the country and being foreigneer.The unguaranteed security of life has threatened all the people of the country,because the crime was committed with in a day and at the high security alert area in Kathmandu.
The next reason be the rising of the corruption in our country. People who were at the high post choose their neighbours as the first priority in the job at government levels. And at the private level they dont give a chance to the other if they give also try to do the open competition by filling up the form with paying fee but at last list name of their relatives.
They look upon the add on the newspaper and go to apply for that but at last same trend has been rising up in the country due to which the people after completing degree was also forced to be unemployed in our country.

2010-03-09T23:04:00.000-08:00

Today abroad study has become the first choice for the majority of the youths in Nepal. Youths after completing their higher level studies try to search for job and quality education in this process they come to select the abroad study as their first choice of interest in the European countries, America etc.

Why do students go abroad?

Mainly students choose foreign country for the quality education and the next one is proper and better job opportunity. In Nepal they're tired of the political instability and the disturbance in their studies due to which they were frusted in period in thinking that there is no any possibility to work inside the country. The old system of education in Nepal also may be the reason behind that, which work as a catalyst on them. The theoretical and unapplicable education system forced them to move towards foreign countries to get quality education/degree. The political instability in the country from more than a decades ago has destroyed the public properties, corruption in the country and the lack of proper employment oportunities inside the country is the major cause

One step for the clean environment

2010-03-07T01:35:00.001-08:00

It is the saying that if any thing is to start positive thing then start yourself and from you and your family. The sane has done by the youth of the Boudha Tinchule and Arubari Kathamndu.

They've formed a group of the youth and formed a Nurture Nepal named organisation with the aim to work in the field of Environment, Health, Education, and Agriculture. As the initial step they've started cleaning the the Tinchule and Arubari area every week on Saturday as the use of the free time/holiday. Every saturday at 8:00 am the youth come together with sweeper, tongsten, dustbin, etc with plastic bag in their hands individually. They start their work from the bus station of Arubari on the both sides of the road: collect waste like paper, plastic etc at a plcae and burn them out the other waste that can be decomposed were thrown at a particular site of the open land. They collect money everyday from the foot path market kept at that area, clear out the waste of the and make the way free for the drainage they also suggest not to throw the household liquid waste on it because it gives out bad smell to the area and the Tourists'll get negative impresion on them. Not only these they've planted a tree on the side of road and kept the pit for the collection of the waste like plastic and dry waste that can be recycled and reused too. At the sources of water they've kept a pit for collection of the waste like Shampoo bag, soap cover and the loose hair too but the people weren't applying it, they're requesting the people to make the sources of water clean and free from pollution. Not only these you can see in the figure that the youth of the Nurtur Nepal is washing out the plastic, rubber and other waste inorder to dispose or reuse it properly.

Nurture Nepal has kept some persons to sweep the area daily giving money. All the youth who joined the Nurture Nepal work activly and they're the volunteers. Nurture Nepal has plan to increase the area of its work further in future. They'd also collwcting money from some sources and some agencies too. The government also. They'd a dream of cleaning Kathmandu by the coming decades.

One step for the clean environment

2010-03-07T01:35:00.000-08:00

Melting of Ice & Snow: Rising of Sea level

2010-03-03T00:06:00.000-08:00

Nepal has conducted the meeting of the Parliament few months ago on the base camp of Mt. Everest at Kalapather where some days of it Maldives has conducted the meeting below the sea level. These two activities were done mainly to capture the attention of the rest of the world that the gift of the capitalist and industrialist country has given a diamond gift of global warming to the poorest and the mountaineous country Nepal and the melted snow i.e. water gets collected at the sea where the country at the sea level like Maldives is badly suffered by the increasing sea level whereas on Nepal the level of snow has rapidly reduced to about half this year and snow fall is very low this year.

The above two are only some examples of the global warming in the Asian country but there were a lots of examples in the rest of the world. According to the research the level of sea is rising at the rate of 1.8mm but at present the rate has increased to 2.8-3.1 mm per year. All these is due to the globally rising temperature and is still on process. The human activities were not sufficient to control it but some of the activities should be controlled in time because its consequences is very bad i.e. destroying the human civilization if it continues for about comin century so , the world is being worried about its effect.

It is said that there were two process that helps rising the level of sea: one of them is Natural process like all the oceanic activities, hurricance, earthquake, tsunamis, etc. And the other one is the water falling down after melting from the mountains like Lake, Pond, Sea, Glaciers, etc. Not only these the increasing temperature of sea is also the major cause for the increase in the level of sea due to the melting of the ice at the sea.

Celebrate Tourism Year 2011

2010-03-01T00:14:00.001-08:00

The celebration of the Tourism Year 2011 has been started in Nepal, with the aim of bringing 10 lakhs of tourists in Nepal.
All the Nepali people have joined the opening ceremony of the Tourism Year 2011 at Army Playground Tundikhel on Friday 26 february 2010. All categories of people including the players, Politicians ,etc all have joined the program. At this stage in order to celebrate the festival all the major parties have signed on the written agreement that: "For the celebration of the Tourism Year 2011 all the parties and any other group cannot organise any strike and protest programme that can effect the the preparation and give negative impression to the foreigneers visiting to Nepal between this year."

Beautiful stay at Suketar

2010-02-27T03:41:00.000-08:00

The beautiful and the real view of the nature can be enjoyed from the foothills of himalayas staying at the eastern part of Nepal, Mechi zone Taplejung. The lot of natural sceneries found at this area attract a lots of foreigneers every year from different parts of the world.

Signs of Global Warming in Nepal.

2010-02-27T03:13:00.001-08:00

As the initial stage of the warning bells of the global warming in Nepal this year Rhododendron has bloom a month earlier.Including these this year due to global warming the level of snow has reduced to about half which is taken as the strong threat to the poor country as the gift given by the worlds Capitalist and the richest country. Drying out of the sources of water, drought, forest fire, etc. in Nepal at present has been taken as the signs of Global Warming in Nepal.
sign and threat to the mountains the level of snow is rapidly decreasing on the other hand this year the changes have take hapazardly like the Rhododendron bloom one month early in Nepal this year.

Pathivara: A holy place

2010-02-26T23:13:00.000-08:00

Pathivara Devi the famous pilgrimage of the eastern part of Nepal for all the hindus who believe it.Yearly thousands of visitors cone to visit this temple. In order to popularize this

PPPPmarathon and festival was organized where all the people from district return back on this festival.This temple lies in the foothills of himalayas on the Taplejung district of Mechi zone.

Timbung Pokhari highwetland,situated at Kalikhola VDC of Taplejung, Timbung pokhari festival held in 2007 organized by Kanchenjung Landscape Concern G

2009-06-13T00:42:00.000-07:00

Peace

2009-05-18T03:03:00.000-07:00

I think there were no any people in Npal who haven't listen about the Peace in Nepal. Peace is itself has become a great thing that can't be easily achieved for the common people but it has been the playground for the politicians in our country.
Political group has been playing the match of peace from long time ago in Nepal. They're going on playing on for long time but the result hasn't been achieved yet. Three major political parties were on the playground they're still going on adding time of the match but all those things is for what?
"Nepal is known as the zone of peace." in theworld some years ago but the time has changed because according to time the people has been changing the theme of the country in the rest of the world. Everything has been changing, according to Darwins theory every creatures should change according to time in order to fit the changing climate and situation but Nepal is the poor and developing country it has to be developed from its social, economic, aspects but it has not been yet and the match of establishing the peace in Nepal has been shadowed in Nepal.
The proper development of the country is dependent on the political condition of the country because the key to run the country is given to the political party in the form of vote by the people. In Nepal also, after the 12 years of armed struggle the Maoist has been given the key by the people to run the country thinking that they can understand our problems and can establish the Peace and eradicate the corruption from our country. But the two years time period for the development of constitution in our country has been going to be over but till now theyre struggling for the changing of government in the country, higher post of people were being killed daily the status of peace and security in our country is being bad to worse, Journalists were being the target for the criminal group and the govt hasn't been able to catch the criminal and give punishment according to the crime. At one side govt is trying to strengthen its lifetime on the other hand people were being insecure and the case of eradication of the human rights cases has been rising up daily. In such a critical stage establishing of peace has been totally darken in Nepal. In this stage what we the people were being the observer for this dirty political siituation in our country.
Now the time limit to write the constitution in our country is being shortening day by day. So, the time has come in our country to give high pressure to the members of the constitution to give guarantee the peoples constitution in Nepal the written constitution should be back wark people orientnend so, that they can enjoy their full right and the peace and security in the country can be guaranteed and the resources of the country can be fully utilised for the development of country people weren't be forced to go abroad for employment serve the other country, tourism sector is to be developed properly which can attract a lot of foreigneer every year in our country. For all these peace is to be established in Nepal.

Giftedness

2009-05-18T03:02:00.000-07:00

Giftedness
There are many ways in which a person can be gifted. The United States Office of education report defines giftedness as a demonstrated achievement or aptitude for excellence in any one of the six areas:
1) Psychomotor ability: This is one of the most overlooked areas in which individuals can clearly excel. We are dealing here with peoples of outstanding abilities in skills that require agility, strength, speed, quickness, co-ordination and the like.
2) Visual and performing arts: Some people even as children, demonstrate an unusual talent of art, music, drama or writing.
3) Leadership ability:Leadership skills are valued in most societies and there seem to be individuals who are particularly gifted in this area.This is often true even with very young children.Youngsters with good leadership skills tend to be intellectually bright but they are not necessarily are smartest of the group.
4) Creative or productive thinking: This area of giftedness has received considerable attention over the past 25 years.Here we are thinking about the individuals who may be intellectually above average but again not necessarily so.Among the other things people with this type of giftedness are able to generate unique and different solutions to problems.
5) Specific academic aptitude: In this case we are talking about people who have flair or a special ability for a particular subject or two.Someone who is a real Whig in math, history or laboratory science without necessarily being outstsnding in other academic areas would fit this category.
6) Intellectually gifted: Inclusion in this group is based on scores earned on a general intelligence test, usually a Wechsler test or the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale.It is most likely that when people use the term mentally gifted, and they are referring to individuals who would fit this category people of exceptionally high IQ.

Teenagers

2009-05-18T02:58:00.000-07:00

Teenagers
Mainly the age period in which teen comes include the teenage. Thirteen to nineteen in which teen comes is the hit teenage period.
In this age various physical as well as mental changes takes place. The physical changes include the changes in the structure, shape and size of the body along with the mental changes. In case of mental changes the thinking of the them may change. Some of them may be depressed due to over thinking at a same subject for a long time and may spoil them and may involve in bad activities if they don’t get proper direction.
At this stage mainly they start to think about the opposite sex and start to be attracted (at this critical stage if they don’t get proper counseling) at this time they will be fully committed to get each other & see all things positively but if they fail in their attempt they will see everywhere darkness &may involve themselves in addiction too.
So, the main things is to remember that is at the teenage the attraction towards the opposite sex is only the physical attraction it will not last for a long time because single hand can’t clap so, one sided love doesn’t last for a long time which we understand only after the throwing of her & realize that it is not the time to love but it is the period to make our carrier and to be self-dependent to make our future.

Personality

2009-05-12T02:19:00.000-07:00

Personality Development and Finishing School

Have you ever felt like you were just part of the crowd? Unnoticed? Overlooked? Ignored?

Did you ever worry about what you would do at a party? How you would behave? What you would say?

Have there been instances where you just felt like no one understood what you were trying to say?

YoungBuzz will give you all the help you need, with our comprehensive personality development programs and finishing school. You’ll develop the little things that could make a huge difference to your life and career. We’ll work on your confidence, communication skills, teamwork, creativity and memory to help you look, feel and even think better!

YoungBuzz has used its proprietary 3-I system to develop various programmes.

peace

2009-04-19T03:49:00.000-07:00

Peace@bhupal
Hi friends i'm Bhupendra Shrestha,originally from the eastern part of Nepal,Mechi zone Taplejung district.At present i am a student running bachelor at Tri-Chandra campus.My hobbies are related to the interested and concerned about the Nation ,Since my country is in the critical stage of political instability and the phase of development of new constitution.Also, I was very dedicated to control the global environmental degradation,if you can help me in this camoaign please mail me at bhupal.peace@gmail.com

Happy new year 2066

2009-04-10T00:49:00.000-07:00

I wish happy new year 2066 will bring peace,prosperity and pray for your long life to all your families and pray for the rest of peace all over the world,

Peace

2009-04-10T00:11:00.000-07:00

I'm bhupendra shrestha'peace' originally from eastern part of Nepal,Mechi zone Taplejung district .I'm about 20 with a sound health,5'5" and the student of bachelor level at capital,Kathmandu.I,m red coloured with medium height and aiming to be the engineer in future.

America spoil the environment

2009-04-07T00:43:00.000-07:00

America spoil the environment
The latest survey shows that the America is majorly responsible for the emmision of higher amount of green house gas(carbondioxide) to the atmosphere,which leads towards the global warming.
At the seminar conducted at Godawari,Lalitpur about "The global warming question" it was informed that the rate of carbon emission of Americsa is very high
i.e. 20.4%.After America comes Canada,Australia, Russia, Germany, U.K, Japan, China,India, respectively emissing 16.3,16.3,10, 9.84, 9.79, 9.79, 3.84, 1.2% of carbon. And Nepal emisses the least about 0.11% of carbon to the environment.
At the programme "Forest and land conservation minister" Kiran Gurung told that'The capitalist of the world were fully involved for the destruction of environment.'So, we should stop them.He further added that 'The capitalist or any one of the world don't have the right to spoil the environment,because it is for the walfare of all living beings of the nature.'

2009-04-05T00:50:00.000-07:00

We have selected 24 bright and colorful diminutive roses to form a celebration of color. Our sweet roses make a cheery display in their perfect yet petite version of a standard rose. Your long lasting roses will arrive wrapped and ready for the recipient to arrange in their own special way. You may choose to upgrade your bouquet by choosing from the options at the top right of this page. FTD.com has selected the best growers who take great pride in demanding only the finest flowers for you. Your purchase includes a complimentary personalized gift message.

auto insurance

2009-04-02T00:34:00.000-07:00

If you own a car, auto insurance is not just an option—it is a legal necessity. And you wouldn't want it any other way. If you are involved in an accident or have your car stolen, owning the right kind of auto insurance can help to ease a difficult situation. The information below will provide some answers and help you ask the right questions in order to find the most appropriate solutions

campus

2009-04-01T23:10:00.000-07:00

MY CAMPUS
The historically important institution in the field of education,which gave birth to number of national heros,Tri-chandra campus.where the education about Environment was given has a lot of problems related to environment.
Mainly the politics and the weak administration of the campus is the main cause.For the campaign and any other programme organised by student's union spends a lot to publish banner & pamphlet which increases waste(paper).Also other waste like plastics thrown after tiffin,bubble gum,etc around campus.Along with the weak management /administration of the campus and also due to the politics,make the campus physically as well as mentally ill by creating pollution,around the area.The waste materials around the campus was not disposed/managed properly,the toilet was not hygienic type due to lack of cleanliness and the most important things is that the water in the toilet flows continuously but the people of ktm valley weren't getting enough water for daily purpose. The generator produces a loud noise that disturbs the reading environment of class and polluting air.And being the government campus there is no any discipline in the use of electricity switch/lights will be on but we the Nepali were facing 16hrs daily loadshedding at present during SLC examination,too.

Since,being government campus the campus is running smoothly including some problems in administration because the practical schedule of EPM combination was set to PS3 combination of roll 244 ,which was to be corrected but due to politics the Maoist student union has closed the administration from few days.

Message

2009-04-01T23:02:00.000-07:00

MESSAGE TO YOUNGSTER

· Every youngster thinks:it would never happen to me.
· I wish it were so.
· Each year too many under twentyfive die on road.
· Speed and alcohal are not the major causes of these accidents.
· The real killer is a deadly mix of inexperience and overconfidence.
· My message to every young person is:you are not a competent driver simply because you have a driver licence.
· At seventeen you may feel you will never die.
· But remember that, each week,good,young adults like the boy Ryan are killed because of simple errors of judgements.
· You get no chances.

Addiction

2009-04-01T22:45:00.000-07:00

Addiction
Addiction means to add something to the original state to make its function abnormal.
Generally,people become addicted due to following four main reasons:-
(i)Initially people use the drug as the painkiller but if it is used for long time the person will be addicted.
(ii)If people take drug for the first time to be relief from mental tensions,it may feel him relax and think that he/she was away from problems.In this way people become addicted.
(iii)If people have no idea about something for example,like dancing,playing,acting,singing,etc.Also if people become fail in any case like,exam,love,etc.they become frustrate and to be relief from such tensions they involve in alcoholism,drug abuse,etc.
(iv)And the most important one is company of frie
nds in school ,college,home,etc.Like the proverb
‘If one potato in a sack was rotten it will rot the remaining all.’
Like that if one of their friend in a group was involved in such addiction he/she may spoil all of the company.

Bodily injury and property damage liability

2009-04-01T01:10:00.000-07:00

Bodily Injury and Property Damage Liability covers your legal liability for a covered accident that involves injury to another person or damage to someone's property, up to the limit of liability you select.
if your limits are 15/20/30 means

If your limits are 15/30/10, this means:
No more than $15,000 would be paid per person for Bodily Injury
No more than $30,000 would be paid per accident for Bodily Injury
No more than $10,000 would be paid per accident for Property Damage
Example:You are at fault for an accident that injured two people and damaged another vehicle. The other driver's total medical bills were $1,000 and the other passenger's total medical bills were $1,500.
The damage to the other vehicle was $5,000. All injuries and damages would be covered because they fall within the Liability limits you selected. Each person's injuries were less than $15,000, and the amount for all injuries was less than $30,000. The other vehicle's damage also was below the $10,000 Property Damage Liability limit.
On the other hand, if you are at fault for an accident and the medical bills from the injuries or property damage that you cause exceed your limits of liability, you are responsible for the remaining damage, which might put your personal assets at risk.

2009-04-01T00:39:00.000-07:00

Leadership skills
Some tips about leadership:
I commited a mistake please forgive me,
I was very glad to you,
What is your opinion about it?
Please can you do it,
Thank you,
We.
Needs of group
To do a work in a group.
To keep unity.
To fulfill the personal need of a member of group or to develop the personality of a member. System of effective leadership
Sweet voice and good attitude.
Able to give alternate solution.
Able to search alternative during the lack of solution.
Able to utilize the other's capacity for the welfare of company /institution.
Transparency in action.
Capacity to understand other.
Able to take the risk of any case.
Able to give proper legal help.
Help others in need in all aspects.
Proper management of the disorder.
Self confident.
Able to change the trouble into opportunity. Nine faces of leadership
Charisma,
Individual consideration,
Intellectual,
Courage,
Dependability,
Flexibility,
Intigrity,
Judgement,
Respect for other.

what can we do?

2009-03-28T04:12:00.000-07:00

Today we the public of Nepal mainly kKathmandu valley are facing lots of problems related to environment.Lack of drinking water ,loadsheding,pollution,etc. This has created huge problems in our day to day life .Water comes after four days,loadshedding of 16 hrs daily,lack of other daily requirements and the next major problems is the heat of global economic crisis that has taken the job of thousands of people in Nepal too.

#In order to solve such problems ,please give your valuable comments that can direct or solve those problems.

2009-03-28T03:40:00.000-07:00

Good garden sanitation prevents plant disease
Proper preparation and sanitation can ensure a disease-free, productive garden, according to Steve Vann, assistant professor-Extension urban plant pathologist for the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture.
"Some of the more common diseases that we see each and every year are powdery mildew, black spot, and several anthracnose diseases on our woody ornamentals," Vann said. "Most disease organisms overwinter on dead plant debris around the garden and infect plants as the growing seasons begin.
"So many of these organisms are actually lying in wait for the right environmental conditions," he said. When spring rain comes and temperatures warm up into the 60s or 70s, "many of these organisms come out of hibernation."
Composting the fallen leaves and plant debris or sending it off to the garbage collector will reduce the chances of disease. If composted properly, the heat from the compost will kill the disease organisms. The sanitation should be done before spring to reduce the chances of the disease spreading to living plants. Dead plant material on woody shrubs and trees is also a potential source of disease. Annually pruning dead plant material and removing it from the area will eliminate sources for many disease organisms.
Another option is to choose disease resistant varieties of plants for the garden. Varieties such as "Brandywine" tomatoes and "Carolina" cucumbers are adapted to be resistant to many of the common garden diseases.
Crop rotation is also a good way to prevent plant disease. If different crops are planted in different areas annually, it is more likely that disease will be unable to find a host and die.
"Prevention and sanitation of disease before it becomes a problem is easier than eradicating it," Vann said.
For more information, contact your local County Extension or Conservation District Office. The Cooperative Extension Service is part of the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture.

global warming

2009-03-25T00:57:00.000-07:00

How are trends in emissions related to changes in GDP?
February 20th, 2009 at 5:58 pm EST
The relationship between economic growth and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is the chicken or the egg question of the climate change debate. A growth in industry, and hence emissions, will no doubt stimulate a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Conversely, a higher GDP will often lead to a greater disposable income and higher standards of living which could manifest in more cars, more residential energy use and more consumption all of which will impact on a country's total emissions.
Can Counting Food Miles do More Harm Than Good?
February 6th, 2009 at 4:51 pm EST
For those of us trying to make more sustainable choices within our daily lives, the decision to buy local produce appears to be an obvious next step. The transportation sector contributes nearly one quarter of greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries. It seems logical then that cutting down on the distance between consumers and producers should also have a direct impact on emissions. For this reason the last few years have seen a push for food miles labeling particularly in Europe. However, many critics of food miles feel that this system is at best tokenistic and in some cases does more harm than good. The food miles debate highlights a clash between differing sustainable development agendas. From an environmental perspective, encouraging consumers to alter their purchasing patterns and limiting transportation emissions can only be a good thing. However, from an economic development point of view, food miles labeling can damage important industries in poor countries.
Ocean layers launched on google earth
February 3rd, 2009 at 4:17 pm EST
Around 80% of all life on Earth can be found in the oceans, which cover more than 70% of the planet's surface. Despite this wealth of life, less than 10% of our vast oceans have been explored by humans. This week, Google has released a new version of their popular Google Earth program which will give users the ability to discover the depths of our oceans.
How Can the Study of Demographics Help to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals?
November 5th, 2008 at 5:23 pm EST
Sustainable development supports the concept of lifting populations out of poverty without endangering resources and the environment for future generations. A wide range of past projects have attempted to achieve these objectives, but the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000 established for the first time an extensive partnership among nations to reduce global poverty through a specified framework of time-bound objectives. These goals and objectives, which are to be met by 2015, were agreed upon by 189 nations and have come to be known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Table 1).This year marks the halfway point in efforts to achieve the MDGs, and progress has been promising in some areas such as primary education and vaccination rates. However, demographic trends are interfering with efforts to achieve other goals. For example, increasing population exacerbates extreme poverty even as work is being done to mitigate it. Organizations such as the Center for Global Development (CGD) have recognized this impediment. Last month, CGD launched an initiative that calls for more adequate consideration of demographics in the formation of development policy.

2009-03-23T02:52:00.000-07:00

Hair
The hair follicles [which the hair grows from] produce oil which keeps the hair smooth. You also have sweat glands in your scalp, and dead skin cells come off the scalp. The oil, sweat and dead cells all add together and can make the hair greasy and look dirty unless you wash it regularly.
To keep your hair clean:

wash regularly with shampoo (cheap ones are often as good as very expensive ones).

massage your scalp well. This will remove dead skin cells, excess oil and dirt.

rinse well with clear water.

conditioner is helpful if you have longer hair as it makes the hair smoother and easier to comb, but hair doesn't need to have conditioner.

use a wide toothed comb for wet hair as it is easier to pull through.

sustainable development

2009-03-22T01:34:00.000-07:00

Healthy life is an outcome of sustainable development, as well as a powerful and undervalued means of achieving it. We need to see health both as a precious asset in itself, and as a means of stimulating economic growth and reducing poverty. -Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland Director-General Emeritus, WHO.
Principle One of the Rio Declaration states that "Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature". The World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, South Africa, August 26 - September 4, 2002) was an unprecedented opportunity to strengthen the role of health in sustainable development.
Health is both a resource for, as well as an outcome of, sustainable development. The goals of sustainable development cannot be achieved when there is a high prevalence of debilitating illness and poverty, and the health of a population cannot be maintained without a responsive health system and a healthy environment. Environmental degradation, mismanagement of natural resources, and unhealthy consumption patterns and lifestyles impact health. Ill-health, in turn, hampers poverty alleviation and economic development.
Development policies and practices need to take into account current and future impacts on health and the environment. Strengthened partnerships and alliances are needed both inside and outside the health sector to address the emerging challenges. The World Health Organization, through its involvement in the WSSD process and follow up, is working to meet these needs, with the ultimate goal of making health more central to sustainable development.

Sustainable Development for Nepal

2009-03-22T01:25:00.001-07:00

The over-arching goal of sustainable development in Nepal is to expedite a process that reduces poverty and provides to its citizens and successive generations not just the basic means of livelihood, but also the broadest of opportunities in the social, economic, political, cultural, and ecological aspects of their lives. This begins with the pursuit of increased per capita income afforded by a stable population size that generates a viable and environmentally sound domestic resource base to create and nurture institutions of the state, markets, and civil society, whose services can be accessed equitably by all Nepalis. Basic development processes are to be overseen by accountable units of government with representation of women and men of all ethnicity and socio-economic status, whose management of resources, including the environment, is to be governed by an imperative that the ability of future Nepali generations to sustain or improve upon their quality of life and livelihoods is kept intact. A corollary inherent in viewing sustainable development in Nepal in these broad terms is a national resolve to pursue happy, healthy, and secure lives as citizens who lead a life of honor and dignity in a tolerant, just and democratic nation.

2009-03-22T00:59:00.000-07:00

2008-12-21
Statement of Minister in Rome, 3092008
Minister for Environment, Science and Technology Ganesh Shah represented Nepal at Ministerial Meeting of the Fourth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. This conference was held in Rome 30 to 31 October 2008. The Convention was adopted on 10 September 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Convention entered into force on 24 February 2004. Nepal became a party to the Convention on 2007. Some 50 Environment Ministers from around the world were attending the Meeting. Beyond the ministers, high level delegates of the different countries attended the Conference. The objectives of the Convention are: 1. to promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm; 2. to contribute to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export and by disseminating these decisions to Parties.

2009-03-22T00:53:00.001-07:00

Glitter Graphics

automobiles

2009-03-20T00:58:00.000-07:00

2009-03-19T01:43:00.000-07:00

WATER RESOURCE

2009-03-19T01:12:00.000-07:00

New York-based lawyer, Jenik Radon, teaches international business and investments at Columbia University. He is a regular visitor to Nepal and was in Kathmandu recently to consult with the constitution-drafting committees. He spoke to Nepali Times about managing Nepal's natural resources.
Nepali Times: Despite being blessed with water resources, Nepal has not been able to exploit this to raise living standards. As someone who's worked in Nepal, and taught international investments and business, why do you think that is the case?

Jenik Radon: Water resources are not a fungible global asset. It is not like oil that can be sold throughout the world. It is like gas which is more of a local product to be sold domestically in a nation and to neighboring nations through an integrated pipeline system. For example, Quebec sells electricity to the state of New York. But that sale was the result of a well thought-out water resource development program in Quebec.
Nepal needs to develop an overall strategic plan for national water resource development. Then it needs a business team that will market and sell it to prospective purchasers. In short, Nepal has to see itself as being in business, and has to treat the subject as such. This means that it needs to create a national water resource development company that functions as any private company does, subject to regulations.
So the main reason Nepal has not succeeded in commercialising the usage of its water resources is that there is no strategic business plan and no national business office to implement it. Nepal needs to think and act commercially with respect to water resources and not view water resource development simply as a political issue.
One mental block in Nepal is the fear of being cheated in a future deal. How can we tackle this?There should be no mental block. Commercial negotiation is a skill. For example, Georgia, a country smaller than Nepal, engaged my services to negotiate a multi-billion dollar oil and gas pipeline transaction. The way to remove this block is to realise that professional assistance is globally available. With such support, you build a team, and since water is a national asset, the team keeps its work transparent. Nepal needs to realise that it does not have to engage in such complex transactions alone, but can acquire the necessary professional assistance globally.
What are some of the issues that a nation must be careful about when negotiating international deals on the usage of natural resources?Agreements for the development of natural resources are very complex. This is evidenced by the fact that there will be many agreements and that they will be long.One issue is price. Is the price that is agreed upon now increased or adjusted over time? It should be flexible to provide for negotiated and predetermined price adjustments. Nepal will need to develop a risk mentality-it captures increases in the downstream prices but may have to accept decreases if the market collapses. So the first major issue is to realise that water resource is part of a supply chain and the value of the water resources needs to be considered accordingly. As water resources contracts and development are long-term, it can never be forgotten that such contracts must be flexible to adjust to the invariable changes that will occur over the lifetime of thecontracts. People who live in the area of natural resource development must be treated fairly and must also be compensated. Further, if the developer of natural resources does not abide by its commitments there must be an effective legal way to enforce obligations.
The penalty provisions of a contract must be strong. For example, if a company violates environmental regulations, certainly repeatedly, it should its license. Accordingly, the issues range from price to enforcement. They are many and they must all be negotiated.
What lessons from Estonia and Georgia are relevant for Nepal today?There are many lessons. Commercial undertakings must be pursued professionally with a team that combines many different skills, including international lawyers and local expertise. In addition, they must be based on strategic policy and plans. Third, there must be a realisation that if international companies wish to enter into agreements, that's because you have an asset. This means you need to be fully aware of the assets you have and their value. And such knowledge should give the confidence to go forward. In sum, you need a strategy, which is a vision and outlook based on facts, policy, tactical implementation and openness so that you have the support of your nation. Estonia and Georgia did that. Nepal has a valuable resource and it must mobilise local and international skills to commercialise it.

climate change in himalayan

2009-03-19T00:59:00.000-07:00

Climate Change inHimalayan meltdown-' Mountaineers worry about glacier retreat in the Himalaya '
BILLI BIERLING
MAGIC HIGHWAY: These ice towers on the Rongbuk Galcier on the north side of Chomolungma were twice as big 20 years ago. The Khumbu Icefall on the southside of the mountain (below) has also become easier to traverse because the seracs are smaller.
Global climate change is affecting the Himalaya much faster than previously thought, and mountaineers have been the first to notice the changes: more frequent avalanches, more crevasses and exposed rock faces where there used to be snowfields.
Cho Oyu and Chomolungma used to be considered the easiest of the eight-thousanders to climb, but have become more difficult in the past 25 years.
"There are certainly more crevasses than there used to be on Cho Oyu and climbers have to take a new steeper route than before," says Phil Crampton, who has been leading expeditions to Cho Oyo and Chomolungma for the past seven years.
Mike Roberts, a mountain guide from New Zealand, has also seen changes on the mountain: "I think the upper section of Cho Oyo is getting steeper and more difficult, and expeditions will have to start putting ropes there."
At 8,201m, Cho Oyu is the sixth highest mountain in the world, and this year hasn't been kind to mountaineers. Normally the success rate on the mountain is relatively higher than other mountains, but this year most expeditions had to turn back due to bad weather.
Mountaineers have also noticed a change in weather patterns, with more frequent late monsoon storms. Russell Brice, a guide from New Zealand, says: "Even though the last two monsoon seasons were very heavy, there was hardly any deposit of snow on Cho Oyu."
Sections that were snow and ice when George Mallory and Andrew Irvine climbed the north face of Mt Everest in 1923 are now mostly bare rock. In fact, this was probably one reason Mallory body was found in 1999 because the ice had melted, exposing the body. (KOICHIRO OHMORI
New Zealander Russell Brice first went to the Tibetan side of Chomolungma 20 years ago, and he thinks that the mountain has become drier. "In 1988 I was climbing on green ice to gain access to the northeast ridge, today it is shingle scree," he says. The route to the North Col at 7,000 m has also become more difficult as two or three crevasses now block the way.
On the area leading up to the bottom of the col there are now small lakes and ice slush rivers forming during the spring season, says Brice. The ice walls of the 'Magic Highway' leading to Advanced Base Camp are now half the size of what they used to be 20 years ago. On the Nepal side, Chomolungma has also changed dramatically since Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay first climbed it in 1953.
"When my colleague Guy Cotter first guided an expedition to Everest the Hillary Step was completely covered in snow and ice.in 2004 it was just rock," says Mike Roberts, who has led expeditions to Everest since 2002. "The entire stretch from the south summit to the true summit is now pure rock."
But both Roberts and Brice think that the Khumbu Icefall has actually become safer in the past few years. This could be because of 'Icefall Doctors' (Sherpas who fix ropes and the ladders) or due to global warming.
Says Brice: "The ice fall is probably moving faster now than it did about 20 years ago, and now it is not as steep, so I think that there is less serac fall."
Pumori and Ama Dablam, on the other hand, have become more treacherous. A few years ago Pumori was considered one of the easiest 7,000-metre peaks but that has changed.
Giampietro Verza, an Italian mountain guide who knows Ama Dablam well, says the mountain is no longer what it used to be since a huge block of ice broke away just above Camp 3 and swept six climbers to their deaths last November.
"This spring there was hardly any snow on Ama Dablam, and climbers had to manoeuvre over rock in places that are normally an easy walk on snow," says Verza, "the mountain has become much more technical in the past few years."
Ama Dablam at 6,812m is one of the most challenging and popular mountains in the Himalaya, but this spring none of the 14 teams climbing it via the normal southwest ridge succeeded: the first time since 1996 that nobody reached the top via the normal route in one season. The Ama Dablam glacier itself has retreated more than 500 metres in the past 50 years.
Receding glaciers
The Imja Glacier below Lhotse is the fastest receding glacier in Nepal, and is melting at 70 m a year as seen in these pictures taken in 1956, 2006 and 2007 (above).
The melting has created huge lakes on Imja Glacier which are expanding alarmingly, and scientists are concerned there will be catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods in future that could kill thousands of people downstream.
The Kathmandu-based mountain research institute, ICIMOD, estimates that the Khumbu Glacier is also retreating at an average of 20m per year. The length of the glacier has shrunk from 12,040m in the 1960s to 11,200m in 2001 and Everest Base Camp has actually dropped from 5,320m to 5,280m since Hillary and Tenzing first set up camp there. All these glaciers are seen in this NASA photograph of Chomolungma taken in 2000 from the Space Shuttle (right).
Global average temperatures are rising at 0.06 degree a year, and scientists say snowlines especially of mountain regions close to the equator are most affected. But scientists at ICIMOD which monitors the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region says there isn't enough proof that receding snowlines are directly the result of climate change.

Climate change in Nepal

2009-03-19T00:40:00.000-07:00

'Climate change may change Nepal'
-Surendra Shrestha(UNEP)

Surendra Shrestha is the regional head officer of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Bangkok involved in supporting governments and civil society in negotiations at the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC). He spoke to Nepali Times in Bali this week about the prospects of an international agreement on meeting emissions targets.
Nepali Times: How difficult is it to convince developed countries like Australia and the US to fulfill their responsibilities according to the Kyoto guidelines? The informed public in Australia has elected a new government which has made a commitment to sign up to the Kyoto Protocol. In the US over half the cities and states have taken actions to reduce emissions. I am sure the informed public in the US will also prevail and bring in the leadership that will take up the challenges of climate change. India and China talk about per capita emissions, but their total carbon footprints are pretty large. How successful have you been in convincing them about their role? The scientific evidence presented by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has prioritised climate change on the political agenda. There is more awareness and better understanding of the greenhouse gases. These gases stay around for 100 years and possibly more. Over 70 per cent of the greenhouse emissions are generated in developed countries. China and India are big countries with huge populations and challenges of poverty alleviation for over 600 million people. Development needs more energy that leads to increased emissions with present technology. Both China and India are taking national-level actions to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions, and they are doing it internally without boasting about it. The current level of emissions is high, but in a few years both will be providing innovation in terms of energy efficiency. Are the countries of Asia taking seriously the melting of Himalayan glaciers? The Hindu-Kush Himalayas are the largest water towers in the world. They provide for over three billion people directly or indirectly. All the major river systems in Asia originate in the snows, ice and glaciers of the Himalayas.
The science shows that due to global warming the glaciers are retreating rapidly. In 50 or 100 years' time the glaciers may be gone. This message is beginning to be understood by increasingly more people. A quick look at our region where recent elections have taken place show the science and public are ahead of policy. With a gradual increase of public awareness, the electorate is deciding with votes. As a Nepali, how seriously do you think our own country should be taking this issue? Climate change will fundamentally change human civilisation as we know it. The increase in temperature is changing ecosystems. We are already faced with extreme weather events, and food, water and energy security issues. Climate change has received attention from the major development partners, and new financial resources as well as technology are being made available to less developed countries to address the challenges.
Few vulnerability assessments have been conducted in Nepal to date, but these highlight the vulnerability of the country's rich biodiversity and natural capital within a fragile mountain ecosystem. The other key sectors that are vulnerable to climate change in Nepal are water resources, agriculture and the health sector. The impact of climate change on water resources will affect Nepal through a number of pathways including disasters, hydropower, irrigation and domestic water usage. There is also a pressing risk to Nepal from the potential increase of climate-related disasters, particularly of glacial lake outburst floods.

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2009-03-18T02:18:00.000-07:00

How to Win Friends and Influence People
( Guidelines from Dale Carnegie's " How to win friends and influence people" )
Fundamental Techniques in Handling People
Don't criticize, condemn or complain.
Give honest and sincere appreciation.
Arouse in the other person an eager want.
Six ways to make people like you
Become genuinely interested in other people.
Smile.
Remember that a person's name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language.
Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves.
Talk in terms of the other person's interests.
Make the other person feel important - and do it sincerely.
Win people to your way of thinking
The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it.
Show respect for the other person's opinions. Never say, "You're wrong."
If you are wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically.
Begin in a friendly way.
Get the other person saying "yes, yes" immediately.
Let the other person do a great deal of the talking.
Let the other person feel that the idea is his or hers.
Try honestly to see things from the other person's point of view.
Be sympathetic with the other person's ideas and desires.
Appeal to the nobler motives.
Dramatize your ideas.
Throw down a challenge.
Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing ResentmentA leader's job often includes changing your people's attitudes and behavior. Some suggestions to accomplish this:
Begin with praise and honest appreciation.
Call attention to people's mistakes indirectly.
Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person.
Ask questions instead of giving direct orders.
Let the other person save face.
Praise the slightest improvement and praise every improvement. Be "hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise."
Give the other person a fine reputation to live up to.
Use encouragement. Make the fault seem easy to correct.
Make the other person happy about doing the thing you suggest.

nepal

2009-03-18T00:04:00.001-07:00

ABC

2009-03-17T01:00:00.000-07:00

Valley under hazardous Asian Brown Cloud

Sabin Chandra Acharya
Kathmandu, March 16:A few days after NASA’s Aqua satellite caught a glimpse of large-scale forest fires in the mountains of Nepal, weathermen and health experts have warned of more wildfires and health hazards they pose for the public.According to NASA, wildfires appear to be raging in or very close to some of the national parks and conservation areas, including Langtang National Park and Makalu Barun National Park, located along the northern border of the country. The forest fire raging in Langtang National Park in Rasuwa district for the last seven days is said to be the worst of all.According to the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, wildfires can affect climate and weather and have major impact on regional and global pollution.Wildfire contains greenhouse gases and a number of pollutants, which can have a substantial impact on human health. Asian Brown Cloud caused by smoke from wildfire, motor vehicle emission, factories and cooking gas has hit many cities in South Asia, including Kathmandu, said ABC expert Sundar Prasad Sharma.According to a NASA report today, there was a reduction of solar radiation to the surface by as much as 15 per cent in Kathmandu. Thirty-seven domestic flights were delayed due to poor visibility caused by hazy weather on Sunday.A weatherman also blamed the dust particles passing through the northern Indian and Pakistani cities coupled with thick wildfire smoke for the ABC. Apart from Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Pokhara, Dhangadhi and Bhairahawa have also been affected by the ABC, which is concentrated three km above the earth’s surface and can travel halfway around the globe in less than a week.Pulmonologist Dr Rajesh Nepali said, “ABC, which is composed of black carbon and ash, sulphates, nitrates and mineral dust, causes respiratory ailments and plant damage.” A forest official said it could also lead to massive drop in agricultural productivity.“There is no organisation to fight forest fires in Nepal,” said a senior official at the Department of Forests, “The department does not possess any special unit or team to deal with wildfires.” Unless forest fire surveillance and monitoring are carried out by satellite imagery it will be difficult to make a good assessment of the extent of damage caused by the forest fires.He said, “Forest fires occur annually in all the major physiographic/climatic regions ofNepal, including the Tarai and Bhawar, the Shiwaliks or the inner Tarai, the mid-mountains, and the high mountains.” Forest fires rage during the dry season from February to June.Department of Hydrology and Meteorology sources say much of the country has not received any rain since October and the dryness, coupled with high winds, was aiding the forest fires. However, Kathmandu and some other parts of the country were likely to receive rainfall by Monday night or Tuesday.
Health Tips
People usually say not to eat papaya during pregnancy? Why is that, does it lead to miscarriage? — Archana Pradhan
Yes, people usually say you should not eat papayas during pregnancy and it is believed to cause miscarriages...this is partially true.‘Unripe’ papayas contain a latex substance that may trig window.google_render_ad();
I’m a university student. I’ve noted a gap increasing in between my teeth in the upper jaw. Last year the gap was growing wider quite fast but this year the pace is slower. Is it due to the dearth of calcium and vitamins? Please do suggest me. — A Bosnet
There can be various reasons behind your problem. Most likely there is a problem the way your teeth comes to contact when you bite. Such malocclusion can cause the migration of your teeth.

asian blue cloud

2009-03-17T00:44:00.000-07:00

Valley under Asian Brown Cloud

Sabin Chandra Acharya
Kathmandu, March 16:A few days after NASA’s Aqua satellite caught a glimpse of large-scale forest fires in the mountains of Nepal, weathermen and health experts have warned of more wildfires and health hazards they pose for the public.According to NASA, wildfires appear to be raging in or very close to some of the national parks and conservation areas, including Langtang National Park and Makalu Barun National Park, located along the northern border of the country. The forest fire raging in Langtang National Park in Rasuwa district for the last seven days is said to be the worst of all.According to the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, wildfires can affect climate and weather and have major impact on regional and global pollution.Wildfire contains greenhouse gases and a number of pollutants, which can have a substantial impact on human health. Asian Brown Cloud caused by smoke from wildfire, motor vehicle emission, factories and cooking gas has hit many cities in South Asia, including Kathmandu, said ABC expert Sundar Prasad Sharma.According to a NASA report today, there was a reduction of solar radiation to the surface by as much as 15 per cent in Kathmandu. Thirty-seven domestic flights were delayed due to poor visibility caused by hazy weather on Sunday.A weatherman also blamed the dust particles passing through the northern Indian and Pakistani cities coupled with thick wildfire smoke for the ABC. Apart from Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Pokhara, Dhangadhi and Bhairahawa have also been affected by the ABC, which is concentrated three km above the earth’s surface and can travel halfway around the globe in less than a week.Pulmonologist Dr Rajesh Nepali said, “ABC, which is composed of black carbon and ash, sulphates, nitrates and mineral dust, causes respiratory ailments and plant damage.” A forest official said it could also lead to massive drop in agricultural productivity.“There is no organisation to fight forest fires in Nepal,” said a senior official at the Department of Forests, “The department does not possess any special unit or team to deal with wildfires.” Unless forest fire surveillance and monitoring are carried out by satellite imagery it will be difficult to make a good assessment of the extent of damage caused by the forest fires.He said, “Forest fires occur annually in all the major physiographic/climatic regions ofNepal, including the Tarai and Bhawar, the Shiwaliks or the inner Tarai, the mid-mountains, and the high mountains.” Forest fires rage during the dry season from February to June.Department of Hydrology and Meteorology sources say much of the country has not received any rain since October and the dryness, coupled with high winds, was aiding the forest fires. However, Kathmandu and some other parts of the country were likely to receive rainfall by Monday night or Tuesday.
Health tips
People usually say not to eat papaya during pregnancy? Why is that, does it lead to miscarriage? — Archana Pradhan
window.google_render_ad();
Yes, people usually say you should not eat papayas during pregnancy and it is believed to cause miscarriages...this is partially true.‘Unripe’ papayas contain a latex substance that may trigger uterine contractions. This latex substance acts like a prostaglandin or oxytocin (which are substances that are also produced in the body to initiate labour and cause uterine contractions) Synthetic prostaglandin/ oxytocin are used medically to induce labour or augment natural labour.However this latex substance is not present in ripe papayas. Therefore unripe green papayas may cause miscarriage but there is nothing wrong in consuming ripe papayas.Ripe papayas are sometimes recommended during pregnancy for soothing indigestion. The enzyme in papayas that helps soothe digestion is called ‘papain’ (vegetable pepsin),various studies have been done on rats fed with ripe papayas and there have been found to have no abortificient effects. — Dr Kundu Yangzom
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2009-03-16T00:01:00.000-07:00

Brief Overview
Pathivara Devi shrine (3794m) is a popular pilgrimage destination that is believed to fulfill the long-cherished dreams of her devotees. The animist deity at Pathivara is worshipped with equal reverence by both Hindus and Buddhist.
Pathivara, Goddess of Trust and FaithThe Goddess at Pathibhara is believed to fulfill the long-cherished dreams of her devotees, like sons for those without sons, and wealth for the poor. Pathivara Devi is considered one of the 'Shakti peeths'. Worshippers from different parts of Nepal and India flock the temple during special occasions, as it is believed that a pilgrimage to the temple ensures fulfilment of all that the pilgrim desires. The devotees of Pathibhara also include members of the Royal family from Nepal . The pilgrims sacrifice animals and bring gold and silver as offerings to the Pathibhara Devi.

UNWTO

2009-03-12T03:47:00.000-07:00

UNWTO Calls on Tourism Stakeholders to join Roadmap for Recovery
In opening this year's ITB Travel Trade Show (11-15 March, Berlin), Taleb Rifai, Secretary-General ad interim, underscored that "tourism means trade, jobs, development, cultural sustainability, peace and the fulfilment of human aspirations. If ever there was a time to get this message out loud and clear, it is now, as we meet at a time of overriding global uncertainty, but also of immense possibilities", Mr. Rifai said. He urged the G-20 leaders to take note of this message and to include tourism as a key component of their economic stimulus programmes and the Green New Deal. His keynote speech addressed the challenges and opportunities of the tourism sector in a time of global economic challenge.

tourism in Nepal

2009-03-12T03:05:00.000-07:00

"Travelers will cross many rivers and climb many mountains. Plainsmen may always live within a valley. But only those seeking truth will ever reach the summit." — Anan, 11th century Indian saying.

Kathmandu
OK, I'm not going to say much about Nepal. First because I don't know much about it and second because there are books (and websites) with much better things than what I could write. We were not in Nepal long enough to have the time to learn much about the country, just playing tourists around Kathmandu for a few days before going on to Lhasa in Tibet and then to Cho-Oyu. Here are just a few pictures.
Nepal / Tibet. Katmandu / Lhassa. The same or different ? One on either side of the Himalaya. One city Indian at heart, the other forcefully Chinese. Late monsoon clouds drifting above bringing drizzles of rain. We spend some days in Katmandu, getting our gear ready in large heavy plastic drums that we roll all through the hotel, visiting Buddhist temples, sorting things out with the trekking agency. A hot an humid city, bursting with energy, cars surfing around the many pedestrians and bicycles. There we purchase our last missing pieces of equipment, try new foods, start getting sick too.
Like in many countries, the most interesting things to visit are the temples (Durbar Square in Patan, left). I wonder why... Looks like mankind has never been able to show much ingenuity for better things than religions (and war by the way)...<
Well, I don't want to criticize one of the only place in the world where two religions (Buddhism and Hinduism) manage to coexist peacefully. Some of the temples are even shared by statues of Buddhas (Right) and Hinduist gods (left). I know more than one country that could use their example...
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Another original characteristic of the temples there is that they often show couples doing... interesting things (left). OK, this is the country that gave us the Kamasutra, but still, I wish we had such decorations on our churches ! And if you arrived on this page through a search engine keyword thinking of free image, no such luck, but you might as well lose more time here...
Statues of cow are omnipresent (left), and many cows still roam the city. But it's sad to think that their main food is garbage and they usually die choked by plastic bags. The monkey statue (right) looked strangely weird to me and I don't have an explanation for it or the chains around it.